Such as has already been remarked on above, one can only speak of a compound if the compounded

Sometimes a verb is compounded with the stem of another verb, such as in:  mo-’inu uwoi andio onae-mo ka i-’alu-n-tele-o 22 PART : TRI -drink water this 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -strike- LG -swallow-3 SG io rengko CN dirt ‘when he drank of this water, immediately he got filth inside’  ku-wangu-n-sule-o 1 SG -erect- LG -rotate-3 SG ‘I set it bottom-up, I placed it in an upside-down position’ Compare mowangu ‘set up, erect’ and monsule ‘rotate, such that the two outer ends change places’.

137. Such as has already been remarked on above, one can only speak of a compound if the compounded

elements are inseparable, and thus no prefixes or suffixes can be placed in-between compare the above examples i- ’ala-mewuni-o, i-mengkaa-mpentade-o § 136, i-tonda bungku ira § 135, etc. where the suffixed personal pronoun which cross-references the object is placed AFTER the modifier, and thus does not immediately follow after the transitive verb to which it belongs. The personal pronoun which cross-references the object is always placed immediately after the verb; if it is separated from it by a modifier, then it emerges from this that these modifiers constitute a part of the verb, in other words that one has to do with a compound. The same applies to other suffixes and, when the modifier precedes the verb, also to prefixes. According to this criterion [p. 92] one also is dealing with compounds whenever a verb is followed by a so-called ‘nexus object’. 23 As a result the verb, with the adjective numeral which follows it—and which as a rule gives the quality which the object obtains as a result of the action, or in which it finds itself during the performance of the action 24 —together constitute a compound. Examples are:  i-’aha-montaso-o 3 SG -sharpen-sharp-3 SG ‘he sharpened it sharp’  i-nahu-momata-o 25 3 SG -cook-unripe-3 SG ‘he has cooked it underdone’  keu-no onae i-wutu-mododo-o wood-3 SG . POS 3 SG . INDEP 3 SG -bind-tight-3 SG ‘he has tied HIS wood tight’  i-weweu-n-sa’o aku 26 3 SG -do- LG -bad 1 SG ‘he did me wrong’, literally ‘he treated me badly’ 22 [from main text, p. 91] i’alunteleo = ipasiteleo; see § 344. 23 [footnote 1, p. 92] Jespersen 1924:122 ff. speaks of a ‘nexus object’ in cases such as he cooked it done and I found the cage empty, in which it and the cage alone are not objects, but rather the expressions it done and the cage empty in their entirety. 24 [footnote 2, p. 92] Otherwise one usually uses other constructions. 25 [from main text, p. 92] Compare however expressions such as mansa-no motaha mo-nahu at.once-3 SG . POS done PART : TRI -cook ‘then he was done with cooking’ in which motaha apparently is descriptive of the subject compare motaha aku monahu ‘I am done cooking’. These forms must be explained as ‘transposed’ substantive constructions ‘my cooking is done’, etc., see Chapter 5.  i-kaa-momata-o 27 3 SG -eat-raw-3 SG ‘he ate it raw’  i-tia-’orua ira 3 SG -divide-two 3 PL ‘he divided them in two’  tia-’otolu akita divide-three APPL :1 PLN ‘divide it in three for us’ These last expressions may also be constructed without compounding: i-tia ira orua, tia-akita otolu. 28 Neither is the following a compound see below §§ 138 and 141:  do-men-saari-o olai ntu’u 3 PL - PL -chase-3 SG far truly ‘they chased him very far away’ and one finds yet another kind of construction in examples such as:  piingko i-kaa-no finished.up 3 SG -eat-3 SG ‘he ate it up’  motu’i i-sile’i-o dry 3 SG -lick-3 SG ‘he licked it all up’  morina i-kuri-o clean 3 SG -crop-3 SG ‘he ate the leaves of the tree clean off’ 138. The following examples illustrate other cases of compounding of a verb with an adjective see also § 141 below: 26 [footnote 3, p. 92] Compare the following, which contains a ‘transposed’ substantive construction § 217: maupo i-mosa’o i-me-weweu aku although 2 PL -bad 2 PL - PL -do 1 SG ‘even though you all have treated me badly’ 27 [footnote 4, p. 92] Also with prefix loss: mongkaa mata ‘eat raw food’. 28 [from main text, p. 92] Compare also: to-m-pe-tia tolu n-tia 1 PLN - PL - INTR -divide three LG -divide ‘let’s divide ourselves into three divisions’ m-pe-tia kami tolu n-tia PL - INTR -divide 1 PLX three LG -divide ‘we excl. have divided ourselves into three divisions’ also mpetia tolu ntia kami in the same meaning.  onae-mo ki-m-pelempa-’olai-ako andio kami lako men-teo-o 3 SG . INDEP - PERF 1 PLX - PL -go-far- APPL this 1 PLX . FUT go PL -convey-3 SG ana mami ta lako mesikola i Poso child 1 PLX . POS 3 SG . FUT go PART :attend.school at Poso ‘that for which we have thus far gone, is that we are on our way to bring our son, who will go to school in Poso’, literally ‘therefore we have gone thus far…’  i-tonda-merangku-o 3 SG -follow-close-3 SG ‘he followed him closely’  popau-mosa’o ira speak.about-bad 3 PL ‘speak badly of them’ [p. 93]  i-pisi-meroku-o 29 3 SG -nip-powerful-3 SG ‘he nipped it hard’  g[in]ili manggali maate, g[in]ili ng-koana tuuwu PASS :rotate left die PASS :rotate LG -right live ‘turned to the left it dies, turned to the right it lives’ the answer to this riddle is lantera ‘a lamp’  me’iwali pa’i PART :be.enemy bitter ‘live in bitter enmity’  monako pa’i 30 PART :steal bitter ‘be terribly thievish’

139. Cases in which a numeral occurs as modifier are: