O e Books 27 Esser Mead Phonology Mori

gaagi ine-no i Wakuka andio wela l[um]ako ira therefore mother-3 SG . POS PN Wakuka this regularly PART :go 3 PL s[um]owi-o io lere-do PART :harvest-3 SG CN dry.field-3 PL . POS ‘Wakuka’s mother and father 53 now went regularly to harvest their rice field’ dandi-do i Baku promise-3 PL . POS PN Baku ‘the time limit of Baku and those of his in which they should return from a trip, for example’ alternatively: ‘his or: their agreement with Baku’ It deserves mention that the third person plural pronoun is employed with the taking together of two or more people, without there being an implication that there are still others besides the persons mentioned, e.g.: ondae i Labonde ka i Laengko 3 PL . INDEP PN Labonde and PN Laengko ‘Labonde and Laengko’ ondae mandoro ka mantarii 3 PL . INDEP village.subhead and inspector ‘the village subhead and the road inspector’ The use of ondae in these cases is to be explained from an older construction without ka compare § 214 ff., which are also encountered as well, e.g.: ondae i Melopino i Bonde 3 PL . INDEP PN Melopino PN Bonde ‘Melopino and Bonde’ ondae i Beta i Laengko 3 PL . INDEP PN Beta PN Laengko ‘Beta and Laengko’ thus literally ‘Beta and those of his that is, in general the one of whom the same applies in one or other respect, namely Laengko’, etc.—compare above—in which ondae makes the use of a conjunction unnecessary. When speaking of animals, ondae is used only when they are personified, e.g.: ondae i Bange ka i Re’a 3 PL . INDEP PN Monkey and PN Turtle ‘Monkey and Turtle’ compare dahu-ku ka manu-ku dog-1 SG . POS and chicken-1 SG . POS ‘my dogs and my chickens’.

160. O

NAE . This pronoun exhibits the peculiarity that it also performs the service of an independent demonstrative ‘this, that’, particularly in reference to an event or happening. As such it can refer either to that which precedes or that which follows, and thus stands next to andio ‘this’, atuu ‘that’, etc., the regular pronominal demonstratives. 54 Examples are: 53 [footnote 1, p. 114] From the story it appears that Wakuka’s father is intended, and not any other family member. At any rate the ones who go to the field cannot be more than two persons, as appears from the dual forms lumako ira and sumowio compare § 220 ff.. 54 [Postscript, p. 114] The forms andio ‘this’, arau ‘that up there’ etc. usually modify substantives, but can be used as independent demonstratives ‘this one’, ‘that one’, ‘these’, ‘those’, etc. when designating a person or thing. onae koa po-doa-no i Nggasi: aasa, aasa, aasa… 3 SG . INDEP just TRI -count-3 SG . POS PN Tarsier one one one ‘this like this, thus only was Tarsier’s way of counting: one, one, one…’ onae-mo koa: ka-si hina anu tekuda 3 SG . INDEP - PERF just so.that- NEG . IMPV exist REL angry ‘only this: let there be no one who is angry’ poko’ari-a-no do-men-saari-o umbu raha tama andio finish- NZR -3 SG . POS 3 PL - PL -chase-3 SG owner house man this nde me-momee ira-mo, onae koa. because PL -afraid 3 PL - PERF 3 SG . INDEP just ‘finally the inhabitants ‘proprietors’ of the house chased away the man, because they had become afraid, that was the reason’ The expression onae koa is much used in this sense. [p. 115] gagi sompo ta’u ba i-pelere i Hulai, asa koa therefore every year if 3 SG -cultivate.dry.field PN Hulai one just h[in]owu-no, onae-mo anu rua etu PASS :heap-3 SG . POS 3 SG . INDEP - PERF REL two hundred ‘therefore every year when Hulai cultivated rice, he received only one stack, and that indeed a rice heap of 200 bundles’ No fixed translation can be given for onae in this sense, because it depends on the nature of the expression to which onae refers. The following examples illustrate this. see, a marasai-a-no koa bela, 55 onae koa phooey at difficult- NZR -3 SG . POS just friend 3 SG . INDEP just omue u-wawa kita. 2 SG . INDEP 2 SG -carry 1 PLN ‘in difficult places, 56 in THERE you will bring us me’ 57 daa-po do-’umari k[um]aa-no tonsi-do andio, onae be- INCOMP 3 PL -finish PART :eat-3 SG k.o.bird-3 PL . POS this 3 SG . INDEP tenggoli oleo, me-hawe ira-mo kalamboro ira me-’aiwa aslant sun PL -arrive 3 PL - PERF people.eater 3 PL . FUT PL -come k[um]aa ira elu-’elu atuu PART :eat 3 PL orphan that ‘as soon as they were finished with the eating of their tonsi bird, when it was past noon midday, there came people eaters who would come eat these orphans’ Here onae indicates that the termination of the meal falls within the period of time that is indicated by tenggoli oleo ‘the sun is on its descent’, in other words in the early afternoon. 55 [footnote 1, p. 115] Originally meaning ‘friend’, bela is now an interjection used in anger. 56 [footnote 2, p. 115] Compare § 148. 57 [footnote 3, p. 115] Compare § 157. nahi tehine i-hawe-o-mo umbele-do bonti, NEG long.time 3 SG -encounter-3 SG - PERF mudhole-3 PL . POS wild.pig onae-mo i-po-’inu 3 SG . INDEP - PERF 3 SG - TRI -drink ‘after a little while she came to a mud hole which the wild pigs had used as a bathing place, and THEREFROM she drank’ Compare § 221. Especially frequent is onae ka onaemo ka, onae koa ka, etc., literally ‘it was that, therefore…’, but also used in the weakened meaning ‘then, thereupon’. Examples are: ka i-dontai-ako-no i Bange kuli-no koa; onae-mo and 3 SG -drop- APPL -3 SG PN Monkey skin-3 SG . POS just 3 SG . INDEP - PERF ka i-’akala-o i Re’a i Bange and 3 SG -deceive-3 SG PN Turtle PN Monkey ‘and Monkey dropped only the peels of it for her; therefore Turtle used a trick against Monkey’ da iao-po 58 i-ronge-o pau-no ine-no i be 3 SG - INCOMP 3 SG -hear-3 SG speak-3 SG . POS mother-3 SG . POS PN Bonti-bonti onae-mo ka i-potae… Little.Wild.Pig 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -say ‘as soon as she had heard the words of Little Wild Pig’s mother, then she said…’ onae ka ku-polai nde mo-songko i Elu-’elu 3 SG . INDEP and 1 SG -flee because PART : TRI -burn.field PN Orphan ‘the reason that I was on the run was because Orphan was burning in the field’ onae koa ka ku-potae langkai koa ntu’u tuwu-mu, 3 SG . INDEP just and 1 SG -say big just truly live-2 SG . POS ba u-nangi aku koa ba to-petea if 2 SG -defeat 1 SG just if 1 PLN -make.war ‘therefore only then shall I say that you really are of high rank lit. great of living, if you are victorious over me when we fight together’ Sometimes the subject of the ka-subordinate clause is placed between onae and ka, e.g.: onae-mo ule andio ka i-wali meleko 3 SG . INDEP - PERF snake this and 3 SG -again PART :coil ‘then the snake rolled itself back up’ As appears from the following examples, sometimes there is little difference between this construction and those mentioned above without ka. ongkue andio tudu-ku nde ba hina-o totoka-do ue-to 1 SG . INDEP this use-1 SG . POS because if exist-3 SG guest-3 PL . POS lord-1 PLN . POS onae ka do-’ala-o wua-ku, mama-a-do totoka-do 3 SG . INDEP and 3 PL -get-3 SG fruit-1 SG . POS chew- NZR -3 PL . POS guest-3 PL . POS ‘as concerns me here, my usefulness is that lit. because when there are guests of our lord, he His Grace THEN therefore, thereupon takes my fruit, in order to be chewed by his guests’ [p. 116] 58 [Postscript, p. 115] Enunciated as da iaapo, da iapo; see §§ 34 and 31. tudu-mu muda atuu, ba i-hina totoka, ba mokole, use-2 SG . POS 2 SG . ADD that if 3 SG -exist guest if ruler onae-mo do-me-’ala-o wua-mu, po-nahu-do inahu 3 SG . INDEP - PERF 3 PL - PL -get-3 SG fruit-2 SG . POS TRI -cook-3 PL . POS vegetable ‘you there, your usefulness is when there are guests, or a mokole, THEN in that case they take your fruit, in order to cook side-dishes with it’ 161. The pronoun onae must sometimes be translated by our conjunction ‘when’, and then indicates simultaneity between what is expressed in the clause introduced by onae and that which is stated in the following clause the same also holds for ndio; see § 183. For example: onae or: ndio todo n-tonga oleo, 3 SG . INDEP be.here straight.upright LG -middle day n-tepoli ira-mo mia m-po-nahu PL -have.free.time 3 PL - PERF person LG - TRI -cook ‘when it was precisely midday, the ones who were cooking were finished’ onae hawe i tonga-no, onae-mo ka i-tondu 3 SG . INDEP arrive at middle-3 SG . POS 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -sink ‘she had arrived at the middle, then she sank’ In fact onae and ndio can be used together, e.g.: onae ndio ta mong-kaa, hawe-o-mo wali-no 3 SG . INDEP be.here 3 SG . FUT PART : TRI -eat arrive-3 SG - PERF friend-3 SG . POS um-uluako-no PART -invite-3 SG ‘when he was just about to eat, there came a friend of his to invite him namely, to do some work or other, or to go away’ 162. As the equivalent of the independent demonstrative of the second and first person see § 160, onae has apparently supplanted another pronoun, which appears in Upper Mori as ho’io Molio’a hoio, Padoe oio, in Karunsi’e as iee, in Watu as iee or ie’e, and in Moiki as iao. 59 ho’io-to 60 ka no-pongee… 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -say ‘therefore then he said…’ [Impo, etc.] hoio-to ka no-pongee… 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -say ‘therefore then he said…’ [Molio’a] 59 [Postscript, p. 116] Concerning ia, see § 165, and concerning ia, Karunsi’e ie and Padoe oo in negative expressions, see §§ 264, 268 and 269. In Wulanderi Korololama and Bunta people use hoo’i for ho’io. A form hia is found in Tinompo in the sense of ‘enough’ e.g. as when one pours a glass for another; compare § 212, but this probably does not belong at home in this connection. 60 [Postscript, p. 116] In Upper Mori hoioto and ho’ioto are further contracted to hooto in Padoe, ooto. Concerning hooto and Tambee hia’oto in vetitive meaning, see § 241, and concerning hoopo Padoe oopo, likewise § 241. [footnote 1, p. 116] The form to found in Upper Mori, Padoe and Watu-Karunsi’e is the equivalent of Tinompo mo. iee ma ku-potae… 3 SG . INDEP and 1 SG -say ‘therefore then I said…’ [Watu, Karunsi’e] which occur next to: 61 iwono ka no-pongee… 3 SG . INDEP and 3 SG -say ‘therefore then he said…’ [Upper Mori] umono ka no-pongee… 3 SG . INDEP and 3 SG -say ‘therefore then he said…’ [Padoe] iwono ma ku-potae… 3 SG . INDEP and 1 SG -say ‘therefore then I said…’ [Watu-Karunsi’e] Both the Upper Mori form ho’io as well as the Lower Mori form iao occur in Tinompo, but with a special use. The form ho’io, and also iao, are, just like French si, used for ‘yes’ as the response to a question or a remark which contains a negative. The particle da’a see § 30 is often used with it for strengthening. For example: Nahi komiu me-lako ke? — Ho’io da’a. 62 NEG 2 PL . FUT PL -go INTERROG yes INTENS ‘Will you all not go? Yes indeed’ Nah-u paka-o ke uai-mu andio, Wakuka, NEG -2 SG feed-3 SG INTERROG younger.sibling-2 SG . POS this Wakuka ka i-pengese kana anu mokoninggo? S[um]angki i Wakuka and 3 SG -cry like REL hungry PART :reply PN Wakuka andio: Ho’io, ku-paka-o koa. this yes 1 SG -feed-3 SG just ‘Have you given this brother of yours no food, Wakuka, that he cries as if he were hungry? Wakuka answered: Yes, I have given him to eat.’ The form iao occurs especially in the expressions moro iao ‘perhaps indeed, perhaps it is so’ also moro ho’io, in Molio’a mboro hoio, etc. and sine iao, the meaning of which appears in the following examples: sine iao, omiu i-m-po-raha kati but 3 SG 2 PL . INDEP 2 PL - PL - TRI -build carry.litter ‘only this: you must make a carry litter’ sine iao gau-do mokula oleo i Ohia l[um]ako melere but 3 SG do-3 PL . POS hot sun PN Salt PART :go PART :cultivate.dry.field ‘but it was her custom that, when the sun was hot, Salt went gardening’ [p. 117] Also iao koa occurs, in the same meaning as onae koa mentioned above, namely ‘that was it, that was the reason’. 63 For example: 61 [footnote 2, p. 116] Regarding the forms iwono and umono, see § 167 and the respective table. 62 [from main text, p. 116] One could also respond iao or iao da’a in the same meaning. 63 [Postscript, p. 117] The expression iao koa ntu’u, however, means ‘really fancy that indeed of course’. i inia mami tedoa hadio mia mate, nde na-m-i at village 1 PLX . POS very many person dead because NEG - PERF -3 SG hina mokole mami iao koa; nde ba i-hina iao koa exist ruler 1 PLX . POS 3 SG just because if 3 SG -exist 3 SG just mokole anu p[in]otoro mami, mo’oru ki-m-potoro-o, ruler REL PASS :appoint 1 PLX . POS morning 1 PLX - PL -appoint-3 SG ngkiniwia ki-m-pepate-o-mo mbo’u evening 1 PLX - PL -kill-3 SG - PERF again ‘Many dead people are found in our village, because we no longer have a mokole, that is the reason; if it is that there is a mokole who is appointed by us, in the morning we appoint him and in the evening we kill him again.’ Especially in Molongkuni speakers overuse ho’i koa for ho’io koa in reason-giving clauses. The compound iaopo from iao with po ‘only, just’ occurs in the meaning ‘just then, only then, only after that’, e.g.: mansa-no l[um]ako ka i-porake a n-torukuno ka i-’amba at.once-3 SG . POS PART :go and 3 SG -go.uphill at LG -mountain and 3 SG -then montindulu, iao-po i-hawe ira-mo wali-no PART :go.downhill 3 SG - INCOMP 3 SG -encounter 3 PL - PERF friend-3 SG . POS ‘then he went on his way, and he climbed up the mountains a mountain, and then descended, and only then did he find his companions’ Next to this ‘after that’ which points to something happening after a relatively long period of time, there stands another ‘after that’ which implies a greater immediacy of action. For this, Mori speakers use da, whether or not combined with iaopo into da iaopo, which can be further shortened to daapo, e.g.: da indiawi do-pewuatako still yesterday 3 PL -ascend ‘just yesterday they climbed up to the house’ …anu da-a-po do-m-pe’ana REL be-3 SG - INCOMP 3 PL - PL -have.child ‘…who had just had a child’ da iao-po i-saba mata oleo be 3 SG - INCOMP 3 SG -appear disc sun ‘the sun had just risen’ This da iaopo or daapo can also occur as a conjunction, with the meaning ‘just, barely, with that, as soon as’, e.g.: da-a-po i-kita-o mia mompora andio be-3 SG - INCOMP 3 SG -see-3 SG person PART :wait.in.ambush this nine momaru-o-mo aasa rani, onae-mo ka that PART :climb-3 SG - PERF one forest.gnome 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and i-pesabaako 3 SG -emerge ‘as soon as the man who lay in ambush saw that one of the forest gnomes had climbed in a tree, out he emerged’ da iao-po do-tepusa, hawe-o-mo io bange be 3 SG - INCOMP 3 PL -withdrawn arrive-3 SG - PERF CN monkey ‘as they left, there came a monkey’ In da iaopo andio and da iaopo nae see § 173, da iaopo has the meaning ‘just’ in the first-mentioned sense. Although what is stated here is indeed the most usual, there is also some overlap. In the meaning ‘only then, only after that’ one can, next to iaopo, nevertheless also use da iaopo or only da iao, thus an expression such as da iaopo isaba oleo can also mean ‘only after the sun had appeared’, etc. Conversely, in the five examples immediately above one could also use iaopo rather than da iaopo. Furthermore, iaopo can also mean ‘then, afterward’, e.g.: i-poko-’umari-o angga-a-no, iao-po i-poturi 3 SG - POTENT -finish-3 SG work- NZR -3 SG . POS 3 SG - INCOMP 3 SG -sleep ‘he finished his work and afterward he slept’ In contrast, da iaopo means only ‘barely, only then, only after that’, thus da iaopo ipoturi ‘only then he went to sleep’.

163. For the most part the independent pronouns of Set V are also used as particles interjections,