d.
63. Examples of original d are: dasa ‘small floor, raised platform, plank bed’, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese
dasar; pada ‘grass, grassy plain’, Malay padang; pada ‘equally, both, all’, Javanese pa ḍa; rada ‘breast’; kadu ‘betel
pouch’, Minangkabau kadui; dula ‘wooden basin, trough’, Malay dulang; rodo ‘silent, fast asleep’, Malay r ĕdah;
roda, the name of a tree, Malay d ĕdap. In onomatopoeia and interjections: dio-dio ‘small bell’; adidi, adede, adodo
‘ow’; dike, word for calling a young dog ana dike also used fondly to full-grown dogs in Napu, dike means ‘dog’; dumidi, the sound of a tarsier.
An initial d has been lost in Watu, Upper Mori mo’uhu ‘stick, prick’, Tinompo moduhu, Malay tusuk and in ompo ‘an obstruction of bamboo slats in a river, in order to constrain fish to swim into a trap’, Pamona ompo and
dampo ‘close off’, Mori dampa ‘trap’ for birds, modampo ‘set one’s hand on something’. A d in the middle of the stem has been lost in mopoe ‘biting’ for example, of acid in a wound, Pamona mapoi,
compare Mori mapeda ‘biting, smarting’ as of fire or certain skin diseases, Pamona podi ‘sour’, Javanese p ĕ
ḍĕs; ongkue, omue, onae, ontae, ondae all independent personal pronouns, see § 142, Moiki ongkude, omude, onade,
ontade, ondade; mompoporoo ‘observe, fix one’s eyes on’, and telalo maroo ‘pass by in secret’, also ‘pass by without being concerned about what bystanders are saying’, compare rodo ‘silent, fast asleep’.
Concerning d as the reflex of the R-L-D law, see §§ 100–101.
64. Examples of the alternation of d and r are see further §§ 89 and 90–102:
medempe ‘slightly convex’, and morempe ‘shallow’ of a river rumonta ‘fallen off’ of fruit, tedonta ‘fallen’ to below
tedupa ‘bump into, run up against something’ e.g. in the dark, modupali ‘bump against someone or something’ but not hard, versus Mori, Pamona rumpa ‘advance against something or someone’,
Pamona dopa ‘come against’, Makasarese rupa. Examples of the alternation of d and l are:
doe-doe ‘hanger for placing a cook pot on’, modoe Padoe, mondoe Tinompo ‘hang up’, Tinompo meloe ‘hang down low’
lo Impo, Molongkuni, Tambee, indicator of the future, Pamona da, Makasarese la Compare also malunduki pae ‘the already ripe paddy is ravaged by wild pigs’ with madundu ‘root up’. However, a
relationship between lundu and dundu is improbable, because the former expresses a notion of ‘destroy by beating down, trampling down, etc.’.
Alternation of d and t is found in moduhu ‘stick, prick’, Malay tusuk, and in ta ‘future particle’ see § 150, Pamona da ‘id.’, Javanese ta’- and da’-. Sampalowo speakers use idia-diao in the meaning ‘he rends it, he pulls it to
shreds’, as in: ba i-liu-mo
koa d[um]ia-dia-o buaea if 3
SG
-quickly-
PERF
just
PART
:rend-3
SG
crocodile ‘as far as I am concerned, let him be torn apart by a crocodile’ [Sampalowo]
si lako dia-dia-o
NEG
.
IMPV
go rend-3
SG
‘don’t divide it, keep it together’ said for example to someone who would pack sugar into a number of different packets [Sampalowo]
[p. 46]
Probably this word is a doublet of montia ‘divide’. In moduhu and dia-dia, d results from the weakening of t. Examples of the alternation of d and b are:
benggo Padoe ‘crooked’, Pamona modenggo binai ‘dried meat’, Pamona dai, Malay daing
dera Padoe ‘semen’, Watu ta’i bera, Malay berak ? If one also considers Bungku ta’i gera ‘semen’, then this last example also illustrates the alternation of d and g.
Another example is perhaps madara ‘fast’, Pamona ganggara.
65. Furthermore, d corresponds with j and nd with nj in related languages in cases such as:
