The independent pronouns ongkue, etc.

i Re’a langkai-o-mo punti-no, i Bange pingko-o-mo PN Turtle big-3 SG - PERF banana-3 SG . POS PN Monkey finished-3 SG - PERF punti-no banana-3 SG ‘Turtle’s bananas were already big, Monkey’s bananas were finished off’ ongkue, i-potae i Guru Bisa, ala-o-mo ihi-no 1 SG . INDEP 3 SG -say PN Teacher Bisa get-3 SG - PERF content-3 SG . POS raha-ku andio ba nahi ku-poko-guru house-1 SG . POS this if NEG 1 SG - POTENT -teach ‘as far as I am concerned, said Teacher Bisa, take the entire contents of my house, if when I am not able to teach’ The use which is made of conjugated forms with definite objects is somewhat limited by various circumstances: when the object is not ENTIRELY definite they cannot be employed see § 221; in relative clauses and in clauses which can be considered as such, see § 200, etc., one uses as a rule not conjugated forms but [p. 106] participle forms see § 220 ff.; and for the future tense one has a separate set of forms see § 150, which are better not designated with the label ‘conjugated forms’. But the limitations which apply to the use of conjugated forms of transitives with indefinite objects, intransitives, etc. see Chapter 5 are not applicable to the forms treated here. Set V.

152. The independent pronouns ongkue, etc.

34 occur primarily when the pronoun constitutes the sole or chief constituent of the clause. 35 For example, one might respond to the question ‘Who is there?’ with ongkue koa ‘Me’. Likewise in dependent clauses, for example: ba omami koa, komba kami m-pelere ta’u andio if 1 PLX . INDEP just by.no.means 1 PLX . FUT PL -have.dry.rice.field year this ‘as far as we are concerned, we shall not prepare any dry rice field this year’ Further, independent forms are used after nahi ia or nahia ‘be not’ and its equivalents § 268, for example: ba nahia omue, pelulu if NEG : COP 2 SG . INDEP go.fast ‘if it is not you, move’ Independent forms are also used after the preposition ndi, e.g. ndi ongkue ‘at, on, to, etc. me’. Compare: kami aiwa mepetulungi ndi omue 1 PLX . FUT come PART :request.to.be.helped at 2 SG . INDEP ‘we come asking help of you’ If an independent form occurs together with another pronoun of the same person and the same number, 36 then a certain emphasis is thereby placed on it. However as the forms under consideration are often not very emphatic, 34 [footnote 1, p. 106] Regarding ngkue, mue, etc., see §§ 153 and 163. 35 [Postscript, p. 106] What is said here also applies when the concerned personal pronoun is further elaborated by a substantive or proper name, e.g.: i-kolupe-o i Bange onae mo-wawa sara’u-no 3 SG -forget-3 SG PN Monkey 3 SG . INDEP PART : TRI -bring hand.trap-3 SG . POS ‘Monkey had in contrast to his companion forgotten to bring a hand trap with him’ these must further be indicated as being in, or at any rate accompanied by, CONTRAST with another or others. So for example in: ongkue aku lako mom-pudu 1 SG . INDEP 1 SG . FUT go PART : TRI -fell ‘I go to fetch wood’ no particular stress falls on ‘I’, but the intention is that the speaker is going away in contrast to his audience. How strong the emphasis is depends rather on the circumstances. Compare: m-pong-kaa komiu koa ke omiu? PL - TRI -eat 2 PL just INTERROG 2 PL . INDEP ‘have you all eaten by any chance?’ we have not done so See § 154. A third example is: ondae me-’aiwa ira m-pesinggeraha hieno 3 PL . INDEP PL -come 3 PL PL -stop.by near.past ‘they have just now come to visit’ Compare: ondae i Anu me-’aiwa ira m-pesinggeraha hieno 3 PL . INDEP PN What’s-his-name PL -come 3 PL PL -stop.by near.past ‘So-and-so and his hers have just now come to visit’ Here in effect only a new topic of conversation is placed in the foreground. As one can see, there is very little difference whether a pronominal prefix, suffix, etc. is further elaborated by a Set V pronoun as above, or by a nominal constituent see especially §§ 143 and 151. It clearly emerges again how conjugated forms and those with a preceding or suffixed pronoun are in an in-between stage. Mori at present is at the standpoint of Italian, which requires no pronoun with canto ‘I sing’ io canto is emphatic. The French, on the other hand, must say je chante; although chante already contains an original indication of the first person singular, nevertheless the addition of je is not emphatic, but indispensable. In Mori, aku lumako is sufficient for ‘I go’ literally, ‘I will go’. Nevertheless, one can place ongkue before it, without [p. 107] any particularly great difference in meaning. There is thus a demonstrable tendency which, when it has strengthened, must result in forms such as je chante. 153. Owing to the little emphasis which is effected by the independent pronouns, they can mostly be shortened to ngkue, mue, nae, etc. This appears most clearly in cases in which the pronoun is placed following. Examples are: dua-dua-ku ngkue aiwa itu’ai vow-1 SG . POS 1 SG . INDEP come there ‘I certainly will not to come there near you’ I will not fall into your ambush tedoa ntu’u u-’uraga aku ongkue very truly 2 SG -cheat 1 SG 1 SG . INDEP ‘you have really and truly taken me in’ the contrast here is between deceiver and deceived 36 [from main text, p. 106] With this it has to be considered that such a pronoun, though perhaps not expressed, nevertheless must be considered present, [footnote 2, p. 106] especially the third person singular see §§ 143 and 18 and, in the imperative, the second person singular. That ta must be treated as a pronoun is argued for in § 150. a, si po-hohoi ari mue wainto Pae; ba nahia oh NEG . IMPV TRI -make.noise first 2 SG . INDEP poor.thing Rice if NEG : COP ongkue um-engomi-ko ko-mo moboo-boo a wita 1 SG . INDEP PART -shelter-2 SG 2 SG . FUT - PERF entirely.rotten at earth ‘ah, don’t make such a commotion, you poor wretch of a Rice; if I don’t shelter you, you should be soaked through with moisture on the ground’ ta l[um]ako mon-saku onae 3 SG . FUT PART :go PART : TRI -chip.sago 3 SG . INDEP ‘he shall go chip sago’ in contrast to you, for example si to-me-lako ntae NEG . IMPV 1 PLN - PL -go 1 PLN . INDEP ‘let us not go’ perhaps another will go nahi ki-buku mami NEG 1 PLX -want 1 PLX . INDEP ‘we will not’ perhaps you have the desire si lako sosa’ori ira ndae NEG . IMPV go spoil 3 PL 3 PL . INDEP ‘don’t spoil them’ as you yourselves are now all spoiled Some of these shorter forms ngkue, etc. also occur as interjections or particles; see § 163. 154. If one wishes for a personal pronoun to be particularly emphasized, then there exist other means at one’s disposal for this purpose other than just the use of an independent pronoun in combination with a prefixed or suffixed, etc. form. For example one can give a Set V personal pronoun a more-or-less independent position in the sentence, for example by placing it at the beginning compare § 151. Such a pronoun can be further emphasized by the use of ba ‘if, concerning’ see the first example of § 152. One can also make use of a relative clause see § 207, or manipulate sentence accent. The same effect can also be obtained through the addition of emphatic particles or demonstratives. Two persons, groups, etc. can be placed beside each other, so that through the contrast both are emphasized. Finally, one can reduplicate the independent pronoun. Examples of these various methods, which by the nature of things can occur in combination, are: omue-mo, Bange, l[um]ako um-ala-akita meti arau, 2 SG . INDEP - PERF Monkey PART :go PART -get- APPL :1 PLN shellfish that.over.there nde ondau omue karu-mu; nde ongkue butu koa because long 2 SG . INDEP foot-2 SG . POS because 1 SG . INDEP only just tungku-ku bill-1 SG . POS ‘it’s you, Monkey, who must fetch yonder shellfish for us, because YOUR legs are long; I only have my bill’ hiini, aku um-ala-o ari ongkue i Bonti-bonti ah 1 SG . FUT PART -get-3 SG first 1 SG . INDEP PN Little.Wild.Pig ‘ah interjection of pleasure, I will take Little Wild Pig as husband’ her sisters were not willing, but she is honored by the proposal [p. 108] onae koa hieno anu um-alaki-o 37 3 SG . INDEP just near.past REL PART -take-3 SG ‘he is the one who just now has taken it away’ gaagi mansa-mo 38 omami men-susuru-o therefore at.once- PERF 1 PLX . INDEP PL -bear.responsibility.for-3 SG ‘then we shall get the blame for it’ ontae andio kita-mo koa lako m-pe’usa-’usa 39 1 PLN . INDEP this 1 PLN . FUT - PERF just go PL -wet.from.rain ‘we here shall just let ourselves get wet from rain on our journey’ Here there is a contrast with others who have boru a kind of small rain mat worn on the head or sau pau umbrellas. On the other hand, in: ongkue andio tedoa aku me’i’isei 1 SG . INDEP this very 1 SG suffer ‘I I here am in a bad situation, I have it very difficult’ the intention is to initiate a new topic of conversation, without one being able to say that the independent pronoun attracts any particular emphasis compare § 152. ba ongkue atuu 40 hieno me-ti-tidu-ako-no, asa-lako-no if 1 SG . INDEP that near.past PART : INTR - REDP -box- APPL -3 SG one-way-3 SG . POS ta koa tenangi; omue kada ndi-ko koa 3 SG . FUT just defeated 2 SG . INDEP AFFIRM be.here-2 SG just or: ndio koa 41 nah-u mokora be.here just NEG -2 SG strong ‘if I just then had boxed with him, he should certainly have been defeated; but YOU are not strong’ omiu mesawi a ngara, ongkue melempa 2 PL . INDEP PART :ascend at horse 1 SG . INDEP PART :walk ‘ YOU get on the horse, I go walking’ onae onae ta l[um]ako mon-saku, 3 SG . INDEP 3 SG . INDEP 3 SG . FUT PART :go PART : TRI -chip.sago ontae ontae naahi 42 1 PLN . INDEP 1 PLN . INDEP NEG ‘ HE shall go knock out sago, WE incl. will not’ 37 [footnote 1, p. 108]The use of the suffix -ki following ala ‘take’ indicates that the speaker is mad about it. See § 374. 38 [footnote 2, p. 108] Concerning mansa, see § 282. 39 [from main text, p. 108] The verb me’usa-’usa means to travel in the rain without rain mat or rain screen. 40 [footnote 3, p. 108] The second person demonstrative atuu is used here because the speaker’s statement makes reference to a fistfight which had previously taken place between the addressee and a third party. Compare § 175. 41 [footnote 4, p. 108] kada, particle; ndiko koa, see § 181. 42 [Postscript, p. 108] Usually the double use of the personal pronoun is limited to one of the sentence constituents, thus onae onae ta lumako monsaku, ontae naahi or onae ta lumako monsaku, ontae ontae naahi. ongkue da ongkue tembio ka nah-i m-po-wee aku? 1 SG . INDEP INTENS 1 SG . INDEP why and NEG -2 PL PL - TRI -give 1 SG ‘why do you all give ME nothing of it?’ omiu da omiu m-pong-kaa komiu koa 2 PL . INDEP INTENS 2 PL . INDEP PL - TRI -eat 2 PL just ‘you all eat have eaten’ why do I get nothing? Also, koa can be used in such cases, for example: ongkue koa ongkue naahi 1 SG . INDEP just 1 SG . INDEP NEG ‘only not me’ strengthening of ongkue koa Against ongkue koa ongkue stands ongkue koa ngkue ‘only me and no others’, likewise ondae koa ndae ‘only them’, omami koa mami ‘only us excl.’, etc. When an independent pronoun is used after a possessive pronoun, emphasis is thereby placed on the possessor. For example: keu-no onae nggale-nggale i-wutu-o wood-3 SG . POS 3 SG . INDEP loose 3 SG -bind-3 SG ‘ HIS wood he has bound loosely not tightly’ raha miu omiu i-m-po-naa-ako-no tandu-tandu-no house 2 PL . POS 2 PL . INDEP 2 PL - PL - CAUS -place- APPL -3 SG REDP -horn-3 SG . POS ‘on YOUR house have you all installed wood decorations in the form of horns’ sumpi-mu omue hadio mata-no ka melaa mbo’u blowgun-2 SG . POS 2 SG . INDEP many dart-3 SG . POS and long very ‘with your blowgun are many darts, and moreover it is long’ the one who made it has thus proved himself diligent 155. Emphatic forms of ongkue, etc. can be made in yet another way, namely by following them with the corresponding possessive pronoun. These forms thus run as follows: ongkue-ku ‘I myself’ omue-mu ‘you yourself’ onae-no ‘he himself, her herself, it itself’ ontae-to ‘we inclusive ourselves’ omami-mami ‘we exclusive ourselves’ omiu-miu ‘you yourselves, you polite singular yourself’ ondae-do ‘they themselves, he polite singular himself, etc.’ Examples are: [p. 109] w[in]eweu-no onae-no PASS :do-3 SG . POS 3 SG . INDEP -3 SG . POS ‘made by himself’ kinaa-ku ongkue-ku cooked.rice-1 SG . POS 1 SG . INDEP -1 SG . POS ‘my own rice’ ongkue-ku-mo koa ngkuda um-ala-o kinaa-ku 1 SG . INDEP -1 SG . POS - PERF just 1 SG . ADD PART -get-3 SG cooked.rice-1 SG . POS ‘I myself shall be the one who takes my rice.’ sangka-to to-mem-panongko-o-mo koa ontae-to thing-1 PLN . POS 1 PLN - PL -clean.up-3 SG - PERF just 1 PLN . INDEP -1 PLN . POS ‘let us just clean up our gear ourselves’ omiu-miu-mo koa mida lako me-lombo-o sangka miu 2 PL . INDEP -2 PL . POS - PERF just 2 PL . ADD go PL -wash-3 SG thing 2 PL . POS ‘you must go wash your clothes yourselves’ Sometimes these forms must be translated by ‘by itself, of its own accord’, e.g.: tetungka onae-no opened 3 SG . INDEP -3 SG . POS ‘opened by itself’ of a door Often, however, one then attaches the suffix -ako to the verb, thus tetungkaako onaeno, compare also: mate-ako onae-no die- APPL 3 SG . INDEP -3 SG . POS ‘died of its own accord’ said of a lamp, for example When in our language ‘itself’ has the meaning of ’alone’, this is expressed in Mori by asa-’asa followed by a possessive pronoun, thus wineweu-no asa-’asa-no ‘made by him alone’ etc. See § 282. Another expression for ‘myself’ is koroi-ku, literally ‘my body’. This and the corresponding forms of the other persons and numbers are used where we would employ a reflexive pronoun see, however, § 169. For example: i-pepate-o koroi-no 3 SG -kill-3 SG body-3 SG . POS ‘he killed himself’ i-me-’o’alu-ako-no koroi-no 3 SG -??-take.care.of- APPL -3 SG body-3 SG . POS ‘he looks after himself well’ said of someone who will not share bananas, or similar items, which he has i-pehohawa-o koroi-no 3 SG -have.compassion.on-3 SG body-3 SG ‘he loves his life’ he does not place himself in open danger Also isa’a see § 199 can sometimes be translated by ‘oneself’, e.g.: tewala mo’ipi kita telodu ngisi-to ontae-mo when PART :dream 1 PLN fallen.out tooth-1 PLN . POS 1 PLN . INDEP - PERF isa’a kita mate genuine 1 PLN . FUT die ‘if one dreams that his teeth fall out, then that one himself will die’ lit., ‘if we dream …’ There are yet other expressions for ‘of oneself’, such as in: mate-ako lio-no die- APPL face-3 SG . POS ‘gone out of itself’ Such expressions also occur without -ako, e.g. mate lio-no. Dialectal equivalents are: mateako sawa-no Watu, mateako aroa-no Padoe, and mateako iwono Tambee and others. This last corresponds entirely with Tinompo mateako onaeno. The form aroa means ‘insides, mind, heart, sense’, and lio in Pamona means ‘face’ and also ‘person’ the Mori expression -ako liono is also found back in Pamona as ngkalionya. The form found in Watu, sawa, is the Bungku equivalent of Mori aroa. Set VI. 156. The forms ngkuda, muda, etc. are differentiated from the set of pronouns discussed above in that they have a special usage, namely they always 43 indicate that there is some similarity in one or another respect between the persons indicated by the pronoun and one or more others, so that in general one can render them as ‘I also’, ‘you also’, etc. So for example one might say: ongkue ongkue nahi ku-doito 1 SG . INDEP 1 SG . INDEP NEG 1 SG -afraid ‘I am not afraid’, whereupon another responds: ka ongkue kada ngkuda and 1 SG . INDEP AFFIRM 1 SG . ADD ‘and neither am I’ The use of ngkuda, etc. thus does not exclude the use of ongkue, etc., but when forms [p. 110] from both sets occur next to each other the meaning is always determined by that of the aforementioned. The particular meaning of these pronouns is relatable to the fact that they contain the formative da see § 30. An alternate form of this particle is da’a, and so next to ngkuda there also occurs ngkuda’a in the same meaning, next to muda also muda’a, etc. In the following examples both types of forms are illustrated. si buku muda NEG . IMPV want 2 SG . ADD ‘don’t you either’ like So-and-so, for example anu-mo kinaa miu, onae-mo ngkuda ku-pong-kaa REL - PERF food 2 PL . POS 3 SG . INDEP - PERF 1 SG . ADD 1 SG - TRI -eat ‘what is your food, that is what I eat too’ tewala tepusa-o-mo i Hoti l[um]ako mo-landa, when withdrawn-3 SG - PERF PN Hoti PART :go PART : TRI -stamp.sago hawe-o-mo nada rani mon-saku a arrive-3 SG - PERF 3 SG . ADD forest.gnome PART : TRI -chip.sago at m-pon-saku-a-no i Hoti LG - TRI -chip.sago- NZR -3 SG . POS PN Hoti ‘when Hoti had left to go stamp sago, the forest gnome came in turn and knocked out sago in the place where Hoti had done so’ po-’ema-akita tia-to ntada TRI -request- APPL :1 PLN divide-1 PLN . POS 1 PLN . ADD ‘request a portion for us also’ opia koa ke mida pae miu? how.many just INTERROG 2 PL . ADD rice 2 PL . POS ‘how many bundles is your rice?’ the others also had rice 43 [footnote 1, p. 109] Except when they occur as interjections or particles; see § 163. onae-mo koa kada ndada arau tehala-a-do 3 SG . INDEP - PERF