Concerning hoani and hoalu, see §§ 48 and 77.
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u.
47. In many cases u can be considered as original, such as appears from: kuku ‘nail, hoof’, orua ‘two’,
moluarako ‘bring outside’, mongkolupe ‘forget’, ulu ‘head’, rui ‘thorn’, wuwu ‘trap’, wuku ‘bone’, and apui Upper Mori ‘fire’, compare Malay kuku, dua, luar, lupa, hulu, duri, bubu, buku, and Acehnese apuj. In onomatopoetic
words and interjections: tebuu ‘pass gas’; huuru, exclamation of pleasure ‘Ah’; usi, ui, used to spur dogs on; buse, to chase pigs away; tuu in a high tone, used to call dogs.
48. Where u occurs in place of
ĕ, this is probably to be considered a case of raising of o which change likewise occurs in Ampana. In tuko ‘stick, staff’ compare § 29, Javanese t
ĕkĕn,
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baku ‘cooked rice, etc. which is eaten on the trail or between meals’, Old Javanese b
ĕkĕl, and mongkuru ‘draw into pleats’, Malay kĕrut, k might have had an influence on this raising.
[p. 37] Another example is monsengu ‘prick with the stinger’, which probably goes back
to s ĕngĕt Malay sĕngat, Javanese sangĕt, unless it is a doublet thereof. In Impo montanu next to Tinompo
montano ‘bury’, the u is probably to be explained from the influence of a labial namely the now elided final -m, compare Malay tanam, Tontemboan tan
ĕm. The same applies of Padoe umu’uwi ‘brood’, Malay ĕram, Ibatan ageb. In the lightest syllable the antepenultimate, sometimes an o or a raises to u, mostly under the influence of a
following labial. For example mompuai ‘dry in the sun’, Ampana likewise puai, Pamona poai, formed from the stem ai with prefix po-, Malay hari; tonuana ‘appearance form of a dead soul, shadow’, Ampana tanuana, Pamona
tanoana. In these two examples the [w]—which is heard as a transition sound before the a of the penultimate syllable—has had an influence. Further:
umbau Sampalowo, next to Tinompo ambau ‘carabao’ umpeda or ompeda ‘nearby’
uweli Upper Mori, Tinompo iwali ‘enemy’ umpeo next to ompeo ‘mat’
upua next to ipua, in indi’ipua or indi’upua ‘day before yesterday, formerly’ te’ipua or te’upua ‘day after tomorrow, in the future’, compare Pamona ipua ‘long ago’
upeu ‘gall bladder’, Pamona apoju, Malay ampĕdu umue next to omue ‘you’ second person singular pronoun
Perhaps also upali ‘taboo’, Pamona kapali. In some cases a u has arisen without any labial following it, among others:
oluti, sometimes uluti ‘bead’ undowu dialectally, Tinompo intowu, a species of reed in Malay glagah
ulai next to olai ‘far’
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[Translator’s note: Here the original skips from § 45 to § 47 and does not contain a § 46.]
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[Postscript, p. 36] The stem tuko does not necessarily correspond with t ĕkĕn, but could be a doublet «bijvorm» thereof,
compare Pamona tuko Adriani 1928:s.v. and also Malay tungkat.
ungkue next to ongkue ‘I’ first person singular pronoun unggoe ‘mouth harp’, Pamona dinggoe
undolia, the name of a tree, Pamona andolia compare § 34 mo’uluako or mo’oluako ‘invite’, stem olu
In the last two examples it is the vowel of the fourth from the last syllable which has become u. Even in stressed syllables u alternates with o a, if a labial precedes or follows. Also in such cases u is
certainly the younger sound. Thus for example in: wute Upper Mori ‘earth, ground, land’, Tinompo wita; mewunso Upper Mori, Tinompo mewinso ‘go inside’, compare Pamona winca ‘throw into or onto something’ next
to wunca ‘stuff, tuck in’. But in kana’umpe, kana’ompe, kana’ampe ‘how?’, the u could be original, as presumably umpe is cognate with umba Watu, Kaili-Pamona languages, Ampana ‘where?’. The a of kana’ampe can be
explained from assimilation.
At the beginning of words sometimes a u originates from a bilabial [w], which is not left preserved. So in cases such as uase ‘axe’ from wase Austronesian wasaj, and probably also in uate, a species of fat, white grub which
lives in the pith of the sago palm and the such, Bisaya uati, although Tombulu wate ṛ has no bilabial w, while the
Pamona say awati which could be formed with the prefix a-. In hoani ‘bee’ and hoalu ‘eight’, the w has changed into o ho see § 77.
k.
49. In general the k is an original sound, such as appears from the following examples: the suffix -ako, Javanese
-ak ĕn; lumako ‘go’, Malay laku;
[p. 38] laki ‘male’, Malay id.; haki ‘sickness’, Malay sakit; aka ‘older brother or
sister’, Malay kakak; baku ’solidified’, Malay b ĕku; kuku ‘nail, hoof’, Malay id.; kuli ‘skin’, Malay kulit; haka
‘root’, Malay akar; raki ‘skin dirt’, Malay daki, etc., etc. Examples of k in onomatopoeia and the such are: kesi ‘the sound made such as when a machete hits a stone; kumokoroido, kumokoro’i’oo Watu ‘crow’ of cocks;
mongkorudu ‘chew on something which makes a cracking sound, such as corn kernels or small bones’, kurrrrr high pitched and with a long rolled r, a call-word for chickens.
A k has been elided or more correctly, replaced by glottal stop in: ede, a name for small boys, also used as a proper name, a shortening of kede, a name for small boys,
literally ‘penis’ aka ‘older brother or sister’, Upper Mori kaka, Malay kakak
ko’ora-’ora Impo, the same as Tinompo kokora-kora ‘continually shout the war cry’ monsara’u ‘catch something under something that is hollow underneath’, specifically ‘catch fish with a
sara’u, a basket which is set down over the fish’, Malay s ĕrĕkup and sĕrĕkap
uau ‘name of a bird’, Malay kuau In ambau perhaps kar- has fallen away, compare Bungku karambau. Alternatively, it could also be formed with the
element a-, see § 293.
50. Examples of the alternation of k and g are:
