S P e Books 27 Esser Mead Phonology Mori

totingkoo? ‘Is it not permitted that we incl. just hit it?’. The two extensions in the use of ontae, etc. thus do not lie very far from each other.

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ECOND AND THIRD PERSON PLURAL AS POLITE FORMS OF THE SINGULAR . The use of plural pronouns to refer to someone politely was perhaps originally was not native in Mori. It is primarily known to me from the mokole- villages, 48 where it receives its greatest use with reference to leaders mokole, bonto J. Kruyt 1924:58 ff., but not without individual differences according to the position of the concerned member of a chief clan. It is also true, however, that the polite forms are used of people of the older generation by people of all position, particularly when referring to one’s father but not one’s mother, and once in a while even to an older family member of the same generation. The use of polite forms is more a question of preference; one does it one way, someone else does it the other. The concerned polite forms can even be used of children, provided they are of sufficiently higher position. In the dialects so far as I know polite forms are eschewed, except in Molio’a, where under the influence of Pamona or of school and church indeed, probably both the younger generation is beginning to use them. For that matter this is also the case elsewhere in Mori, at any rate facing Europeans, who can be quite certain of everywhere being addressed in the polite form. This is to be ascribed to the influence of school and church and of the Tinompo. Concerning these forms it remains only to be remarked that the use of a polite plural pronoun has not—which for that matter, stands to reason—resulted in accompanying verbs or adjectives coming to stand in the plural, rather such verbs and adjectives are used only when more than two persons are spoken of compare § 220. Furthermore, the name or title of a person whom one would indicate politely to another is preceded by ondae, even when no other form of the polite pronoun occurs, e.g.: ondae Kumisi 3 PL . INDEP district.head ‘His Grace, the District Head’ ondae tua guru 3 PL . INDEP tuan teacher ‘the village educator’ ondae Ue Ala 3 PL . INDEP Lord Allah ‘God’ The meaning ‘His Grace, the District Head’ of ondae Kumisi has arisen naturally from the meaning described in the following section, namely that of ‘the District Head and his’ so also mutatis mutandis in the second person plural. [p. 113]

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LURAL PRONOUNS FOLLOWED BY A SUBSTANTIVE OR PROPER NAME . One can define the inclusive “we” as ‘I and you whether or not including one or more third persons’, while the exclusive “we” means ‘I and another or others’. So also in many cases the second person plural pronoun is equivalent to ‘you and yours’, and that of the third person plural to ‘heshe and another or others’. These considerations make it understandable why the conjunction can be omitted in expressions such as: omami Ama 49 1 PLX . INDEP Father ‘I and he, namely Father’, hence ‘Father and I’ 48 [footnote 2, p. 112] See the Introduction. 49 [footnote 1, p. 113] For omami i Ama. As a rule, the article is lost after the i of omami, or rather, assimilates there into; see further § 31. omiu mandoro 2 PL . INDEP village.subhead ‘you and he, namely the village subhead’, hence ‘you and the village subhead’ etc., except here the plural pronoun is used. where we are in the habit of employing the singular. In omiu mandoro ‘you and the village subhead’ it is not explicit whether ‘you’ is to be interpreted as singular or plural, likewise an expression such as omami Ama can also naturally mean ‘Father and we, Father and I and one or more others’. In such cases ka ‘and’ can also be used, i.e. omami ka i Ama, omiu ka mandoro ongkue ka i Ama, however, would not be good Mori. Another case is found in: ongkue ka omue n[in]ee-no 1 SG . INDEP and 2 SG . INDEP PASS :name-3 SG . POS ‘he named YOU and ME ’ Compare: ontae ka ongkue lako mebou 1 PLN . INDEP and 1 SG . INDEP go PART :hunt.fish ‘you and I must go hunt fish’ with stress falling on ‘I’ Here following are a number of examples of this usage, including some in which a conjunction or something similar but nevertheless still in combination with a plural pronoun occurs: nahi tehine tepo-hawe ira-mo i Pute’a NEG long.time RECIP -encounter 3 PL - PERF PN Dove ‘it wasn’t long before he met Dove’ lit. ‘…he and she, namely Dove, met’ l[um]ako mbo’u tepo-towo ira-mo asa bawaa io bange PART :go again RECIP -meet 3 PL - PERF one herd CN monkey ‘she went again further, she met a troop of monkeys’ Next to these sentences stand examples with ka, such as: pohona i Bonti n-tepo-hawe ira ka wali-no once PN Wild.Pig PL - RECIP -encounter 3 PL and friend-3 SG . POS ‘once Wild Pig ran into his friends some friends of his’ Also the suffix -ako can be used, e.g.: nahi tehine i-tepo-towo-ako ira io bange asa bawaa NEG long.time 3 SG - RECIP -meet- APPL 3 PL CN monkey one herd ‘after a little while she met a troop of monkeys’ In this case, however, one has to do with a different construction § 390, and there is no longer any reason to use a plural pronoun in the manner described above. Compare further: onae-mo ka i-po-songkapi karua andio ta 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG - TRI -arrange k.o.noble.class this 3 SG . FUT l[um]ako i Ngusumbatu, ka do-n-tepo-rangku koa mokole PART :go to Ngusumbatu and 3 PL - PL - RECIP -close.by just ruler ‘then the karua 50 resolved to go to Ngusumbatu, so that he should be close by the mokole and those with him’ alternatively: ‘…by the people of mokole-rank’ 51 50 [footnote 2, p. 113] See J. Kruyt 1924:42 ff. Compare tepo-’umpeda-ako ira RECIP -short.distance- APPL 3 PL ‘close by them’, that is, with -ako. The forms teporangku and tepo’umpeda mean ‘be close by each other’. me’asa-m-poturi-a ira koa ka dahu-no be.one- LG -sleep- NZR 3 PL just and dog-3 SG . POS ‘he and his dogs have the same sleeping place’ tisomo to-pada mo-wawa sangka-m-petea-to, tomorrow 1 PLN -equal PART : TRI -bring accouterment- LG -make.war-1 PLN . POS ka to-petea mia atuu and 1 PLN -make.war person that ‘tomorrow let us both bring weapons of ours with us, so I can fight with “that person” ’ in other words, ‘with you’ 52 m-pelimba ira-mo kombia-no ka ana-no PL -move.house 3 PL - PERF spouse-3 SG . POS and child-3 SG . POS ‘moved house with his wife and children’ In this case the ka preceding anano cannot be omitted. l[um]ako ira-mo saru ana-no PART :go 3 PL - PERF with child-3 SG . POS ‘she went on her way with her child’ In the last case, omitting saru would lead to unclarity, because the [p. 114] unmarked reading would then be ‘her children went on their way’. Where there exists no danger of unclarity, however, saru and ka are rather not used. The unnecessary use of these words is even to be considered as deterioration of the language. The form saru is actually an adverb with the meaning ‘jointly’, while the meaning ‘and’ of ka is fairly recent—see § 214 ff. Also the above- mentioned constructions with suffix -ako are of a later date than the shorter constructions. In the same vein as the above belongs the use of a third person plural pronoun with a substantive or proper name, in order to indicate the singular, ‘…and those of his hers’. Whether the singular, alternatively the plural is intended, must necessarily appear from context or circumstances. For example: ondae i Tansumawi 3 PL . INDEP PN Tansumawi ‘Tansumawi and those of his wife and child, for example’ ondae i Weho 3 PL . INDEP PN Weho ‘Weholina and her husband’ nahi tehine me-hawe ira-mo mokole i wiwi n-tahi NEG long.time PL -arrive 3 PL - PERF ruler at edge LG -sea ‘after a little while a mokole and his entourage arrived at the seashore’ 51 [footnote 3, p. 113] Compare below. It would also be possible to translate this as ‘…so that he and those of his should be close by the mokole and those of his’, etc. 52 [Postscript, p. 113] The use of mia atuu ‘that person’, or also nana’ote atuu ‘that child’ for ‘you’ indicates contempt. gaagi ine-no i Wakuka andio wela l[um]ako ira therefore mother-3 SG . POS PN