olmanitulagwen kakaambe Numbers Ex. 6 –19

7.4 Grammar 79 Example karta kapá eg tongwen eg maniatal dollars three and fifty-cents and five-nickels ‗three dollars and seventy-five cents‘ Eg ‗and‘ may be omitted from the number phrase. Following are suggestions for the inclusion or omission of eg ‗and‘ in the complex money phrase. Use eg ‗and‘ with complex dollar quantities. If the dollar quantity is a number from 11–19 or not a multiple of ten, eg ‗and‘ is used before the unit of cents. Examples 1. karta katulagwen kakabo eg tongwen ‗22.50‘ 2. karta kaambe kakapá eg maniatal ‗13.25‘ 3. karta tulagwen tongwen ‗20.50‘ 4. karta katulagwen kakaambe eg maninerkwa ‗30.30‘ 5. karta tulapá tongwen ‗60.50‘ Use eg ‗and‘ in a three-category money phrase. A money phrase which includes three categories of money units mani-, ton- and kartaolmani- separates the mani- from the ton- category by the use of eg ‗and‘. Examples 1. karta kabo, tongwen eg manipá ‗2.65‘ 2. karta katulapá kakabake tongwen eg manibo ‗64.60‘ Eg ‗and‘ is seldom used in a two-part money phrase. A money phrase which includes only two categories of money units mani- + ton- or karta + ton- or karta + mani- tends not to use the conjunction eg ‗and‘. Examples 1. karta kabo, tongwen ‗2.50‘ 2. tongwen manibake ‗ .70‘ Use eg ‗and‘ in the case of hesitancy. Eg ‗and‘ is used in a money phrase in which the speaker hesitates as he tries to recall the particular quantity. In this circumstance, eg ‗and‘ may be used between any of the parts of the money phrase. Examples 1. karta kagwen eg ... manibo ‗2.102.00 and ... 10¢‘ 2. karta tulagwen eg ... tongwen eg manipá ‗20.6520.00 and ... 65¢ 3. tongwen eg ... maniatal ‗75¢50¢ and ... 25¢‘ 4 Unit price phrase In buying and selling, a useful expression is the cost of a single item, the unit price. The unit price phrase in Kuna is expressed by saying the appropriate number prefix + -gwen ‗one‘ + the cost of the item. Examples 1. ka- + -gwen, manibo kagwen, manibo ‗one for 10¢‘ 2. ko- + -gwen, karta kabo kogwen, karta kabo ‗one length for 2.00‘ It is common to use out-of-culture measurement units see 7.4.1.1 in describing unit prices. Examples 1. yartagwen, karta kabo eg tongwen ‗one yard for 2.50‘ 2. liberatal, karta kagwen ‗five pounds for 1.00‘ 80 Buying and Selling Exercise 13 . Money units frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Examples Teacher: Kagwen manigwen. Student: Kagwen manigwen. Teacher: Kagwen manibo. Student: Kagwen manibo. 1. Kagwen manigwen. ‗One for 5¢‘ 2. Kagwen manibo. ‗One for 10¢‘ 3. Kagwen manipá. ‗One for 15¢‘ 4. Kagwen manibake. ‗One for 20¢‘ 5. Kagwen maniatal. ‗One for 25¢‘ 6. Kagwen maninerkwa. ‗One for 30¢‘ 7. Kagwen manikwakugle. ‗One for 35¢‘ 8. Kagwen tongwen. ‗One for 50¢‘ 9. Kagwen tongwen eg manigwen. ‗One for 55¢‘ 10. Kagwen tongwen eg manibo. ‗One for 60¢‘ 11. Kagwen karta kagwen. ‗One for 1.00‘ 12. Kagwen karta kagwen eg manigwen. ‗One for 1.05‘ 13. Kagwen karta kagwen eg manibo. ‗One for 1.10‘ 14. Kagwen karta kabo eg manibo. ‗One for 2.10‘ 15. Kagwen karta kabo eg tongwen eg manibo. ‗One for 2.60‘ Note : Remember that eg ‗and‘ in the above examples is optional. Exercise 14 . Money units formation drill The teacher writes on the blackboard any number in numerals. The student says the number in the frame. Example Teacher writes: 1.50 Student says: Libergwen, karta kagwen tongwen. Frame Libergwen, ____. ‗____ per pound.‘ 7.4.1.4 Group IV. Time-related prefixes Units of time such as days, weeks, and years are described by time-related prefixes. The description of months and hours is somewhat different from the construction of other time units. 1 Days, weeks, and years Days, weeks, and years are described by the use of time-related prefixes iba- ‗day‘, tummi- ‗week‘, and pirka - ‗year‘. Time-related prefixes attach to any basic number stem to form a time-related number: time-related prefix + basic number stem. Examples 1. ibanerkwa ‗six days‘

2. tummibo

‗two weeks‘

3. pirkaambe

‗ten years‘ Exercise 15 . Time-related prefix substitution frame drill The teacher says the frame and the student repeats it. The teacher selects a word from the list below and says it. The student then substitutes the word in the frame. 7.4 Grammar 81 Examples Teacher: An tummipá megne. Student: An tummipá megne. Teacher: iba- Student: An ibapá megne. Teacher: An ibapá megne. Student: An ibapá megne. Teacher: -bake Student: An ibabake megne. Frame An tummipá megne. ‗I‘m going to stay three weeks.‘ 1. iba- ‗day‘ 2. -bake ‗four‘ 3. tummi- ‗week‘ 4. -atal ‗five‘ 5. pirka- ‗year‘ 6. -nerkwa ‗six‘ 7. iba- ‗day‘ 8. -kugle ‗seven‘ 9. -bo ‗two‘ 10. -pabak ‗eight‘ 2 Months The time-related number phrase used to describe months differs from other time-related number phrases and parallels the number phrases used for Group I and Group II number prefixes see 5.4.1.3. The Kuna word for ―month‖ is ni. Ni ‗month‘ is a concrete noun which comes from the word ni ‗moon‘. Since Kunas personalize the word ni ‗moonmonth‘, the Group I number prefix wal-wala- is used in the number phrase. The time-related number phrase for month is formed by ni + wal- + basic number stem. Examples 1. ni walpá ‗three months‘

2. ni walanerkwa

‗six months‘ Exercise 16 . Time-related prefix substitution frame drill The teacher says the frame and the student repeats it. The teacher selects a basic number stem from the list below. The student substitutes the selected basic number stem into the frame. Frame Ni walbogin an ne. ‗I am going in two months.‘ 1. -bo ‗two‘ 2. -pá ‗three‘ 3. -bake ‗four‘ 4. -atal ‗five‘ 5. -nerkwa ‗six‘ 6. -kugle ‗seven‘ 7. -pabak ‗eight‘ 8. -bakebak ‗nine‘ 9. -ambe ‗ten‘ 10. -ambe kakagwenchak ‗eleven‘ Exercise 17 . Time-related prefix substitution frame drill The teacher says the frame and the student repeats it. The teacher selects a time-related prefix from the list below and says it. The student substitutes the selected time-related prefix into the frame.