yannumal Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18

13.4 Grammar 165 Example Pabmal keg pega chunmake. In annoyance: ‗Your parents haven‘t taught you any manners.‘ Other words which have a derogatory connotation 70 when used in conjunction with -mala are: 1a. ome ‗woman‘

b. omemal

‗women‘ 2a. nan ‗mother‘

b. nanmal

‗mothers‘ 3a. nanzhel ‗grandma‘

b. nanzhelmal

‗grandmothers‘ 4a. pabzhel ‗grandfather‘

b. pabzhelmal

‗grandfathers‘ Exercise 8 . Group marker -mala frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times as a group and with individual students. Example Teacher: Tulemal noni. Student: Tulemal noni. 1. Tulemal noni. ‗A group of Kunas arrived.‘ 2. Wagmal kallin pakcha. ‗A group of outsiders bought a chicken.‘ 3. Machimal tagar chwas. ‗A group of young men gathered thatch.‘ 4. Punamal madun ogobzha; tulemalga. ‗A group of girls gave chicha to a group of people to drink.‘ 5. Tulemal nos. ‗A group of people have stopped left off working.‘ Exercise 9 . Group marker -mala drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it, changing the subject to the -mala form. Example Teacher: Tule noni. Student: Tulemal noni. 1. Tule noni. ‗People arrived.‘ 2. Machi yannu amine. ‗The young man is going to hunt peccary.‘ 3. Achu mutik kolmas. ‗The dog barked last night.‘ 4. An nade. ‗I left.‘ 5. Chikwi ob mas. ‗The bird ate pecked the corn.‘ 3 Position of inclusion markers The suffixes -mala and -gan-kan attach to the noun stem. All other noun suffixes follow these suffixes. 4 Use of -gan-kan versus -mal Any of the words which take -gan-kan can also take -mala. The question arises, ―When do I choose -gan-kan and when do I choose -mala? ‖ a -gan-kan is used to refer to a class of people who are proficient in a certain area, or who have reached a particular social status. Example Machergan ormanemal. ‗The men are going to meet.‘ 70 When the words omemal ‗female‘ and machermal ‗male‘ are used to refer to the sex of animals andor birds, they do not have a derogatory connotation. For example, yannu omemal ‗peccary sows‘ and kallin machermal ‗roosters‘. 166 Communicating Community Togetherness ―Machergan‖ refers to people who have the social prestige of being men. -gan-kan is generally used only for people. It groups a class of people together, rather than describing a temporary grouping. b -mala is used to refer to a group of people or things as a unit. These people or things are grouped on a temporary basis for some reason or another and parallels the English construction, ―a group of ...‖ Examples 1. Tulegan noni. ‗People who are specialists in a field arrived.‘ 2. Tulemal noni. ‗A group of people arrived.‘ Exercise 10 . -mala versus -gan-kan selective choice drill The teacher says the sentence and the student adds the suffix -mala or -gan-kan to the subject of the sentence, as the sense of the sentence requires. Example Teacher: Machered noni. Student: Machergan noni. 1. Machered noni. ‗The man arrived.‘ 2. Tule noni. ‗The Kuna person arrived.‘ 3. Ome turwa mine. ‗The woman is throwing out the rubbish.‘ 4. Achu chule kas. ‗The dog caught a paca.‘ 5. Machi yannu amine. ‗The boy is going to hunt peccary.‘ 5 Use of - mala with -gan-kan Sometimes it is necessary to speak of a group of people who have a certain status, skill, or class. To form this construction, you add the short form of -gan-kan to the noun stem and then add -mala: noun + -gan-kan + -mala. Example Pay tolganmal pistagin arpananimal. ‗A group of Paya inhabitants are working on the airstrip.‘ In this case, the phrase Pay tolganmal refers to a group of people who qualify in the class of inhabitants of Paya. 6 Use of -mal with -mala Occasionally, it is neces sary to say, ―a group of groups.‖ This construction is formed by adding the short form of -mal to the noun stem and then repeating -mala. Examples 1. Tulemalmal pukwa. ‗Small groups of people from among the larger group of people were sitting around.‘ or ‗Small clusters of people from among the larger group were sitting around.‘ 2. Immalmalmal webal kagan mamal. ‗Clusters of animals are grazing over there.‘ Example 2 above is a very rare construction. Exercise 11 . -ganmal-kanmal frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Pay tolganmal pistogin arpananimal. Student: Pay tolganmal pistagin arpananimal. 1. Pay tolganmal pistagin arpananimal. ‗A group of Paya inhabitants are all working on the airstrip.‘ 2. Macherganmal kullubal taim takcha. ‗A group of men saw the alligator on the bank.‘ 3. Nuskanmal escuela magarbal tedomanimal. ‗A group of children are playing outside the school.‘