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18.4 Grammar 249 5. tig ‗to plant‘ 6. tak ‗to see‘ 7. tu ‗to cook‘ 8. kun ‗to eat‘ 9. enuk ‗to wash‘ 10. chu ‗to fetchtake‘ 18.4.4 Qualitative suffix -gwa-kwa The qualitative suffix -gwa-kwa is used to identifydescribe an object by its naturequality and parallels the English construction ‗a ____ one‘. This suffix may be added to some nouns and many adjectives; one must learn which forms are acceptable and which are not, since there are no general rules. Examples 1. We omegwa e mimmi akwe. ‗A female one cares for the young.‘

2. Machi orokwagwa.

‗The boy is a short one.‘ The suffix -di may be added to the -gwa-kwa form of a word and has the effect of the definite English article ―the‖. Examples 1. Antin omegwadi pakcha. ‗I bought the female of a pair.‘ 2. Pe anka es orokwagwadi uko. ‗Please give me the short machete.‘ 18.4.5 Postpredicate position of basic elements Ex. 8 –20 In Lesson XVII, general guidelines for using the postpredicate position were discussed. In this lesson, guidelines specific to the basic elements of the sentence -- subject, direct object, and predicate -- are discussed.

18.4.5.1 Subject may be omitted in the simple sentence and unexpanded in the postpredicate position

If the subject is omitted in the main clause, a very rare occurrence, it is stated in the postpredicate position accompanied by one of the topic marking suffixes: -de-te or -din-tin see Appendix E, 1 and 4. 1 Subject omitted from simple sentence and stated in postpredicate position in answer to question One situation in which the subject is omitted in the main part of the sentence and stated in the postpredicate position is in answer to a question. If the replier wishes to emphasize the subject as he replies to a question, he may do so by omitting it in the main part of the sentence and stating it, accompanied by the suffix -din-tin, in the postpredicate position. Examples 1a. ¿Pia pe ne? ‗Where are you going?‘

b. Chapurbal ne; antin. ‗I am going to the jungle.‘

2a. ¿Piade? ‗Where is he?‘

b. Nad; Luisdin. ‗Louis, went.‘

2 Subject omitted from simple sentence and stated in postpredicate position in storytelling Another situation in which the subject is omitted from the main part of the sentence, but occurs in the postpredicate position is in the midst of the narration of a story or a tale of activities. This situation is dictated by the rules of storytelling and discourse structure. In a story, when the subject is omitted in the main part of the sentence and stated in the postpredicate position, it is accompanied by the topic marking suffix -de-te see Appendix E.