Culture sabured koanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

5.4 Grammar 47 9. -bakebake ‗nine‘ 10. -ambe ‗ten‘ 11. -tula- ‗twenty‘

5.4.1.2 Word order of the number phrase

Unlike English or Spanish, the numeral in Kuna is used after the noun: noun + prefix + number stem. Example nuzha + kwa- + -bake = nuzha kwabake ‗four eggs‘

5.4.1.3 Numeral prefixes

In Kuna, you must use one of the many numeral prefixes with the number stem. These prefixes are divided into four main groups according to how a Kuna perceives the item he is counting, or according to the complexity of the number: 1. Group I Shape of object prefixes 2. Group II Complex number-building prefixes 3. Group III Measurement-related prefixes 4. Group IV Time-related prefixes In this lesson, Group I and Group II prefixes are discussed; Group III and Group IV prefixes are discussed in Lesson VII. 1 Group I. Shape of object prefixes When a speaker describes a single object he uses a prefix which reflects the speaker ‘s view of the shape of that object. There are several such shape prefixes. a Ka- Ka - is the most general of the number prefixes based on the shape of an object. It is usually used for longish, non-flat objects such as leaves mango, plantain, etc., canoe poles, needles for sewing and injections, and a stack of dollar bills see 7.4.1.3. Ka - is also used in cases in which no other shape distinction seems to fit. A tip for language learners is: When in doubt, try ka-, it just may work Examples

1. es kapá

‗three machetes‘

2. aktigal kabo

‗two canoe poles‘

3. tagar kabo

‗two wild banana leaves‘

4. iko kapá

‗three needles‘

5. karta kabo

‗two dollar bills‘

6. nalas kagan kabo

‗two orange leaves‘ b Wala-wal- 18 Wala -wal- is used in describing people and animals and anything which transports people such as cars, planes, and boats. It is used for such elongated objects as plantain, manioc, and jungle ice cream guava. It is also used for any long, thin pole from which the branches have been removed such as house poles, logs and in counting spirit beings and God. 18 Actually, several of the terms which are treated here as shape prefixes can occur alone as noun stems or in compound forms with other noun roots. For example, wala-wal- occurs with ezhaes ‗ironmachete‘ in eswal ‗spear‘ When it occurs alone, walawal means ‗poletrunkmain river‘. 48 Trade Language The prefix wala-wal- may be used in either the short or the long form in counting between one and four items. The long form, wala-, is used when the number is in focus, that is, when the number is the important part of the sentence. Only the long form, wala-, is used in counting five or more items. Examples 1. tule walpá tule walapá ‗three people‘

2. tule walbake tule walabake

‗four people‘

3. achu walanerkwa

‗six dogs‘

4. kukualed walaatal

‗five planes‘

5. mas walbake walabake

‗four plantains‘

6. puwal walpá walapá

‗three house poles‘

7. Pab Tummad walgwen chi.

‗One God exists.‘

8. mas walakugle

‗seven plantains‘ Exercise 5 . Drilling numerals frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the class repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the class repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Examples Teacher: Tule walgwen nad. Student: Tule walgwen nad. Teacher: Tule walbo nad. Student: Tule walbo nad. 1. Tule walgwen nad. ‗One person went.‘ 2. Tule walbo nad. ‗Two people went.‘ 3. Tule walpá nad. ‗Three people went.‘ 4. Tule walbake nad. ‗Four people went.‘ 5. Tule walaatal nad. ‗Five people went.‘ 6. Tule walanerkwa nad. ‗Six people went.‘ 7. Tule walakugle nad. ‗Seven people went.‘ 8. Tule walapabak nad. ‗Eight people went.‘ 9. Tule walabakebak nad. ‗Nine people went.‘ 10. Tule walaambe nad. ‗Ten people went.‘ c Kwa- Kwa - is used in describing objects that are more or less round, such as fruits oranges and the sun. It is also used to count birds and insects. It is used for spools of thread, and kernels of rice. Examples 1. nalas kwanerkwa ‗six oranges‘

2. kallin kwabo

‗two chickens‘

3. kwi kwakugle

‗seven mosquitos‘

4. tub kwabo

‗two spools of thread‘

5. Tad kwagwenna chi.

19 ‗There is one sun.‘ Exercise 6 . Drilling numerals substitution frame drill Using the frame, the teacher counts one and the student repeats one. The teacher and student count two through ten in unison. This exercise should be repeated several times. 19 kwagwenna is the long form of kwagwen ‗one‘ used in this case for emphasis. 5.4 Grammar 49 Example Teacher: Kallin kwagwen ukcha. Student: Kallin kwagwen ukcha. 1. Kallin kwagwen ukcha. ‗He sold one chicken.‘ 2. Kallin kwabo ukcha. ‗He sold two chickens.‘ 3. Kallin kwapá ukcha. ‗He sold three chickens.‘ 4. Kallin kwabake ukcha. ‗He sold four chickens.‘ 5. Kallin kwaatal ukcha. ‗He sold five chickens.‘ 6. Kallin kwanerkwa ukcha. ‗He sold six chickens.‘ 7. Kallin kwakugle ukcha. ‗He sold seven chickens.‘ 8. Kallin kwapabak ukcha. ‗He sold eight chickens.‘ 9. Kallin kwabakebak ukcha. ‗He sold nine chickens.‘ 10. Kallin kwaambe ukcha. ‗He sold ten chickens.‘ d Mata- Mata - is used to describe flat and laminated objects such as boards, sheets of paper, and books; it is also used for bead necklaces or a set of wrist beads. Examples 1. karta matabo ‗two books‘

2. ulgo matabo

‗two boards‘

3. wini matabake

‗four bead necklaces‘ Exercise 7 . Drilling numerals substitution frame drill Using the frame, the teacher counts one and the student repeats one. The teacher and student count two through ten in unison. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Kwaderno matagwen pakpi. Student: Kwaderno matagwen pakpi. Teacher and Student in unison: Kwaderno matagwen pakpi. 1. Kwaderno matagwen pakpi. ‗He wants to buy one notebook.‘ 2. Kwaderno matabo pakpi. ‗He wants to buy two notebooks.‘ 3. Kwaderno matapá pakpi. ‗He wants to buy three notebooks.‘ 4. Kwaderno matabake pakpi. ‗He wants to buy four notebooks.‘ 5. Kwaderno mataatal pakpi. ‗He wants to buy five notebooks.‘ 6. Kwaderno matanerkwa pakpi. ‗He wants to buy six notebooks.‘ 7. Kwaderno matakugle pakpi. ‗He wants to buy seven notebooks.‘ 8. Kwaderno matapabak pakpi. ‗He wants to buy eight notebooks.‘ 9. Kwaderno matabakebak pakpi. ‗He wants to buy nine notebooks.‘ 10. Kwaderno mataambe pakpi. ‗He wants to buy ten notebooks.‘ e Koa-ko- Koa -ko- applies to articles viewed in fixed lengths such as skirts, hammocks, blouses and shirts. Portions of meat are also counted with the prefix koa-ko-. The short form ko- is used for items numbering between one and three. The long form koa- is used to describe items numbering four or more. Examples 1a. sabured kogwen ‗one skirt‘

b. sabured koanerkwa

‗six skirts‘ 2a. kachi kobo ‗two hammocks‘

b. kachi koakugle

‗seven hammocks‘ 50 Trade Language 3a. yogal kopá ‗three shirts‘

b. yogal koapabak

‗eight shirts‘ 4a. mol kobo ‗two blouses‘

b. mol koaambe

‗ten blouses‘ 5a. chan kogwen ‗one portion of meat‘

b. chan koanerkwa

‗six portions of meat‘ Exercise 8 . Drilling numerals substitution frame drill Using the frame, the teacher counts one and the student repeats one. The teacher and student count two through ten in unison. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Sabured kogwen takcha. Student: Sabured kogwen takcha. Teacher and Student in unison: Sabured kogwen takcha. 1. Sabured kogwen takcha. ‗She saw one skirt.‘ 2. Sabured kobo takcha. ‗She saw two skirts.‘ 3. Sabured kopá takcha. ‗She saw three skirts.‘ 4. Sabured koabake takcha. ‗She saw four skirts.‘ 5. Sabured koaatal takcha. ‗She saw five skirts.‘ 6. Sabured koanerkwa takcha. ‗She saw six skirts.‘ 7. Sabured koakugle takcha. ‗She saw seven skirts.‘ 8. Sabured koapabak takcha. ‗She saw eight skirts.‘ 9. Sabured koabakebak takcha. ‗She saw nine skirts.‘ 10. Sabured koaambe takcha. ‗She saw ten skirts.‘ f Chagla-chal- Chagla -chal- is used to describe flowering shrubs and other plants. It is also used to describe any tree, either standing or felled, which still has its branches. The short form chal- is used for items numbering one to three, and the long form chagla- is used to describe items numbering four or more. Examples 1a. chowal chalgwen ‗one tree‘

b. chowal chaglanerkwa

‗six trees‘ 2a. chia chalbo ‗two chocolate trees‘

b. chia chaglakugle

‗seven chocolate trees‘ 3a. kunnu chalpá ‗three rubber trees‘

b. kunnu chaglapabak

‗eight rubber trees‘ 4a. ogob chalgwen ‗one coconut tree‘

b. ogob chaglabakebak

‗nine coconut trees‘ 5a. chu chalgwen ‗one igarron tree‘

b. chu chaglaambe

‗ten igarron trees‘ Exercise 9 . Drilling numerals substitution frame drill Using the frame, the teacher counts one and the student repeats one. The teacher and student count two through ten in unison. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Ogob chalgwen tigne. Student: Ogob chalgwen tigne. Teacher and Student in unison: Ogob chalgwen tigne.