An tulemalzhe ekisap. Habitual behavior aspect

19.4 Grammar 265 When the past progressive suffix is added to the past form of the motion verb ne ‗to go‘, the resultant form natab 115 ‗in the process of goingon my way‘ indicates that motion has already been initiated. The suffix -ap does not occur with the motion verb tag ‗to come‘. Example A man is travelling from Paya to Pucuru. On the trail, someone asks where he is going. 1. Inquirer: ¿Pia ne? ‗Where are you going?‘ 2. Traveller: Pukurche natab. ‗I am on my way to Pucuru.‘ Exercise 14 . Past progressive -ap drill The teacher asks the question and the student replies using the -ap form in the frame. Example Teacher: ¿Pe ampak kallin pakne? Student: Chuli. An pato kallin pakap. Frame Chuli. An pato ____-ap. ‗No, I have already been ____.‘ 1. ¿Pe ampak kallin pakne? ‗Are you going with me to buy chickens?‘ 2. ¿Pe tibal omne? 116 ‗Are you going to bathe at the river?‘ 3. ¿Pe mas chikne? ‗Are you going to cut plantains?‘ 4. ¿Pe tagar chwane? ‗Are you going to gather thatch?‘ 5. ¿Pe ua makne? ‗Are you going to spear fish?‘

19.4.11 Naming

Even though there are cultural restrictions on eliciting and calling people by their Kuna name see Section 4.3, you as an outsider will be asked your name. The nounverb nuga ‗nameto name‘ is used to elicit or declare a name, to name a person or object, or to do something under someone ‘s authority ―in the name of‖. Examples 1. ¿Igi pe nuga? ‗What is your name? lit.: How are you named?‘ 2. Antin nug Pablo. ‗My name is Paul. lit.: I am named Paul.‘ 3. Antin, an machi Pedro nugzhas. ‗I callednamed my son Peter.‘ 4. An sagla nuggin pega chog. ‗I tell you in the name of under the authority of the chief.‘ 19.4.11.1 Other naming expressions When a person is named or appointed to a position, the position to which he is appointed is stated as an indirect object, the name of the appointee is stated, followed by the verb odo ‗to cause to enterappoint‘. Example Tulemal saglaga Juan odos. ‗The people appointed John as chief.‘ When one person substitutes for another, the substitute is named first, followed by the name of the one substituted for, the adverb anal ‗instead of‘, the position treated as indirect object and the verb pei ‗to remain‘. Example Pedro, Pablo anal tummadga pes. ‗Peter remained was left in charge in Paul‘s place.‘ 19.4.11.2 ¿Igi pimal? „What do wethey call it?‟ This expression is used to ascertain the correct termway of saying something, i.e., to elicit new language data. 115 Irregular. 116 The b of ob ‗to bathe‘ becomes m before the n, omne ‗to go to bathe‘. 266 Kuna Speech Types 19.4.11.3 ¿Wede igi nug? „What is its name?What is it called?‟ This expression is used to identify the kind species of a plant, animal, bird, or fish. It is used to identify the creature, not to ascertain the correct way to say something.

19.4.12 Comparison Ex. 15

The comparison of peopleobjectsactions may be made on the basis of their similarities or their differences. Various constructions are used according to the qualities being compared.

19.4.12.1 Contrast

Contrast of one personobject with another or of the actions of two people is handled by adding the topic-establishing suffix -din-tin to each of the items to be contrasted. Often the conjunction tenal ‗but‘ is used to join the two sentences of comparison. Example Pedin ne. Tenal antin peine. ‗You on one hand are going. But I on the other hand am staying.‘ 19.4.12.2 Difference When two peopleobjects are different but only one is mentioned overtly, the adverb akal ‗different‘ is used. It may be used in stative and non-stative sentences; it may be repeated to indicate ―all different kinds‖ as in akal-akal ‗all different kinds‘. Examples 1. Itidin wis akal. ‗This one is slightly different.‘ 2. We yannudin akal. ‗That peccary is different.‘ 3. Immalmal akal-akal chapurbal nika. ‗There are all different kinds of animals in the jungle.‘ 4. Ome mol akal-akal nika. ‗The woman has all different kinds of cloth.‘

19.4.12.3 Similarity The adverb yopí

‗the same‘ is used to describe a personobject which remains unchanged. It may be used alone without naming the personobject when the reference is obvious from the context. Examples 1. Wedin yopí takle. ‗That looks exactly the same.‘ 2. Ampa yopí. ‗It is still the same.‘ The suffix forms -yobi ‗like‘ or -yopí ‗exactly like‘ may be added to the noun or pronoun to which a person or object is being compared. Examples 1. Pe machi peyopí takle. ‗Your son looks exactly like you.‘ 2. Pedin tuleyob chunma. ‗You speak like a Kuna.‘ 19.4.12.4 Same size comparison A personthing may be said to be the same size as another by adding the suffix -un ‗as biglittle as‘ to the personthing to which the subject is compared. Examples 1. Pedrodin e pabun. ‗Peter is as big as his father.‘ 2. Maríadin e nanun kudani. ‗Mary is getting as big as her mother.‘