gw is pronounced almost like gu in agua
4.2.5.2 chzh syllable final ch
and zh become ss and s, respectively, at the end of a syllable and are both written s in this position. nuzhu becomes nus ‗worm‘ in its short form. ochi ‗sweet‘ becomes ostigid ‗a sweetened thingsugar‘. Note : In the case of ostigid ‗a sweetened thingsugar‘, one knows that the s is actually a fortis ss because the following consonant t is fortis and therefore, the s is also fortis. 4.2.5.3 Addition of suffixes which begin with a fricativeaffricatesemi-vowel j Suffixes beginning with chzhj are added to words according to the following rules.Parts
» LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ulu Pronunciation of individual vowel and lenis consonant sounds
» Mai versus chi Use of personal pronouns The first and second person personal pronouns an
» Dialogue Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation of individual fortis consonant sounds Ex. 4 –8
» Vowel length Ex. 9 Pronunciation
» Distinguishing between fortis and lenis consonants Ex. 10 –27
» Consonant clusters Ex. 28 Pronunciation
» Word order Ex. 29 –30 Grammar
» Intonation patterns of questions and answers Ex. 4 –10
» tada Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» kobe Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» chobe Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» sagla Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» mama Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» nana Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» lele Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» Pronunciation of monosyllabic words Ex. 11
» Dialogue Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Intransitive sentence word order
» Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation of consonants at the end of words Ex. 3
» zhw is pronounced like su in
» mw does not occur in English, but there should be no difficulty in producing this sound.
» kw is pronounced almost like cu in cuarto
» gw is pronounced almost like gu in agua
» tw is pronounced almost like tu in santuario
» dw is pronounced almost like du in Eduardo
» chw is pronounced almost like chu in tachuela
» Verb tense in completive aspect Verb form in completive aspect Ex. 8 –10
» Confirmation please repeat questions
» Dialogue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Conversation Listing Pronunciation and Intonation Ex. 1 –4
» aktigal kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» tagar kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» karta kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» nalas kagan kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» achu walanerkwa Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kukualed walaatal Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» mas walbake walabake Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» puwal walpá walapá Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» mas walakugle Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kallin kwabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kwi kwakugle Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» Tad kwagwenna chi. Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» ulgo matabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» wini matabake Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» Culture sabured koanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kachi koakugle LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» yogal koapabak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» mol koaambe LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chan koanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chowal chaglanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chia chaglakugle LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kunnu chaglapabak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ogob chaglabakebak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Listing Things and events in Kuna are listed in their long form, and the conjunction tegine
» Conversational intonation Ex. 1 –2 Disclaimer nothing-special-is-happening response Ex. 3
» Pointing Counting with fingers
» Eswal mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Aktigal mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Karpa chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Nalas chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kan chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pude chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Esmed chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kachi nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kukualed nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Choul nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Nuzha ampa nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Yannu ampa nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pagla kwichi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Achu wegin un. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol pukwa. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Machi mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mu chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pun chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Machi chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pedro saglaga mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Alvaro tummadga mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Juan, Luisbal nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Present progressive tense-aspect Ex. 6 –9
» Dialogue Mimmi kabzhi. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Wag kabgwis. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Disclaimer nothing-special-is-happening response Ex. 10
» Unit price intonation pattern Ex. 4 –5
» Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» tagar kukbo Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» tagar kukukugle Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Kaie negchaled tanpá. Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Nagwal tananerkwa. Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Illustrated comparisons of Group I and Group III number prefixes
» Money units Ostigid libergwen.
» Mol tarpabak. maniatal Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» olmanitulagwen kakaambe Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» tummibo pirkaambe Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» ni walanerkwa Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Response by repetition Pronunciation and Intonation
» Yielding-the-floor response Ex. 1 –4 Pronunciation and Intonation
» Aspects of topographical features
» Locative adverbs Adverbs of location which usually occur without a stated reference point
» Pronunciation: Tracking and Mimicry Ex. 1 –3
» Word order of a noun phrase Ex. 4 –5
» cheredzhuli nuedzhuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kollojuli totojuli tummajuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» muiduli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» istarchuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» arradzhaled chiayob Colors Ex. 7 –10
» Attributive sentence Ex. 11 –14 olobijuli
» Existence sentence Ex. 15 olobijuli
» Quantity 39 –42 Useful expressions 43 –45 Vocabulary
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –3 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Nan mas tune. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Nan mas tuo. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Eswal ilagin kwichio. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Including an additional participant in an action Ex. 8 –9
» An machiga chogzha. Indirect object Ex. 14
» Pronunciation: Intonation of Conversation Sustainers Ex. 1 –3
» Establishment of topic Ex. 4
» Sustaining the topic Grammar
» Pan an ne. ‗I am going tomorrow.‘
» An pedu ne. ‗I‘m going to go on ahead of you.‘
» An pe cholbal ne. ‗I‘m going to go after you.‘
» Mas kunnoedgin iti ina kobo.
» An kinki elisgu an immal aminad.
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –2 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Extended use of -gad-kad -gad-kad is used in the sense of
» tulegan Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18
» yannumal Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18
» omemal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» nanmal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» nanzhelmal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ¿Igi kude? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kunani? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kudi? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kus? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi an kuo? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi ankin kuo? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» Teob kus. Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» Tegin tar mecha. ‗Then he killed it.‘
» Change-of-topic marker te choggudina Te
» Te ulal pe anka akan pid pakena That’s exactly why you have to buy me another one.‘
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –4 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Preparatory aspect –chogal-zhogal-jogal Ex. 7–8
» Habitual aspect condition Ex. 9 –10
» Response to the habitual aspect condition Ex. 11
» Purpose suffix -gal-kal Ex. 13 –15
» turwigal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pedro saglaje ekisbi. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» An saglaga pegin chogzha. ‗I told the chief about you.‘
» An saglaga pebal chogzha. ‗I told the chief what you said.‘
» An saglaje pegin ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about you in general, How are
» Direct speech An saglaje pebal ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about what you said.‘
» Verbs of thinking An saglaje pebal ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about what you said.‘
» Exclusive action adverb unila ‘only’ Ex. 28
» Vocabulary Dialogue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Intonation of commands Ex.1 –2
» Very polite commands ¡Kwiskuma ‗I told you to stand up‘
» Indirect command The word meke
» Pemal, anche tagmalo. Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21
» Pemal, wis negwelmalo. Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21
» Uadin, toto chul. Negatives Ex. 22 –30
» Culture Ampayo. ‗Not yet.‘ Vocabulary
» ¡Tage Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye. Natab. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Tago, tegil. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Pe nao. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, an natab. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Pan, pe tagbalo. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» An tanibal. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos anche tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, peje natap. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos peje ne. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, anche tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos anmalzhe tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» An pirkal tani. ‗I‘ve come but not to stay.‘
» An meg tani. ‗I‘ve come to overnight.‘
» Story-telling intonation Ex. 1 –3 Pronunciation
» Good story-telling style Pronunciation
» Dialogue Toas, an imas. ‗Bang I shot it.‘
» ¡Motok Mer-mer-mer-mer pes. ‗Thud His wings went whir-whir-whir-whir.‘
» Ul tummad noni; ul chichidi. ‗A big canoe arrived; a black canoe.‘
» Peripheral element omitted in the main clause and unexpanded in the postpredicate position
» An mol ukcha; nanga. ‗I gave the cloth to Mother.‘
» An ne; mutik. ‗I am going tonight.‘
» Koe un; chapurbal. ‗A deer is in the jungle.‘
» An ne; negzhe. ‗I am going to go home.‘
» Machi ne; kueye-kueye. ‗The boy is going to go quickly.‘
» Machi ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave the fish to Mother.‘
» Machi nanga ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave Mother the fish.‘
» Machi achu parpad mecha; achu tummadi.
» Culture Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kobed LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Positional verb of motion Ex. 6 In Lesson 6, the positional verbs mai
» Mas chike. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Chapurbal ne; antin. ‗I am going to the jungle.‘
» Nad; Luisdin. ‗Louis, went.‘
» Monologue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Machergandin nabir we tak. ‗The men are allowed to look at that.‘
» Tegin antin kannan negzhe nadzhun. ‗Consequently I went back home.‘
» odurta okun ogob LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Melle neg chobgal machi imako.
» Machi chikles. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» Koe makles. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» We nugu kullege. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» An obap. Habitual behavior aspect
» Ome mas chuap. Habitual behavior aspect
» An tulemalzhe ekisap. Habitual behavior aspect
» Folktale LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –4 Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pablo te mecha. ‗Paul killed it that same one.‘
» An te ukcha. ‗I sold it that same one.‘
» Amal. Indefinite and indeterminate pronouns .1 Indefinite pronouns
» General principles used in construction of more common contrary-to-fact sentences
» Machi eswal tub nikujalen, ua chwajan.
» An Payche arpiilen, Luis takchan. An neelen, an wartikuoen.
» An motor pin nikalen, an Panamaje naoen
» Machi toto kammaiilen, tadbak nadzhulin
» Mol webal naiilen, wartikunen.
» Wishing optative An mol pakneelen, an pega pakmogoen.
» ¿Piawa? ‗Where could it possibly be?‘
» ¿Inkwawa? ‗When could it possibly happen?‘
» ¿Ibiwa? ‗What‘s wrong? Lit.: What possibly?‘
» A yannudin igalgin mellemai. ‗That peccary was sprawled out on the trail.‘ Vocabulary
» Long forms LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Tegine makchabal. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» e., not: words LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Reason LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Problem Speaking only Kuna will increase cultural stress.
» The necessity of setting a limit to the exceptions
» Opportunities LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Methods LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Noting the setting LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Gestures Note the accompanying gestures and facial expressions.
» Language learning expressions LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Eliciting information138 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Correcting It is important that the people correct you all the time. Now this is hard to do.
» Keep going LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Evaluate yourself LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Living LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Time LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Planning your contacts with people
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