Pablo te mecha. ‗Paul killed it that same one.‘

20.4 Grammar 275 Example Anita , achu kucha. ‗Anita was bitten by the dog.‘ 20.4.1.2 Pronominal reference In Kuna, a third-person pronoun can only be used once or twice before the noun to which the pronoun refers must be repeated. Where ambiguity could arise, the noun is preceded by te ‗that same‘ to ensure that the listener realizes the reference is to the same personobject as before. Example Ome noni. Te omedina, Luis e nan itos. ‗A woman arrived. That same woman is Louis‘ mother you understand.‘ 20.4.1.3 Subject in indirect speech In indirect speech, the person being quoted is referred to by the pronoun ede or e plus the appropriate suffix. The suffix -chog-zhog-jog attaches to the verb which describes the action of the person under discussion see 15.4.3. Examples 1. Ede nejog. ‗He said that he is going.‘ 2. Sagla chog Pedro, ede nejog. ‗The chief said that Peter was going.‘

20.4.2 First-person exclusive subject pronoun The first-person exclusive pronoun nan

121 is used by the speaker to refer to himself and those accompanying him in an action, but to exclude the peopleperson to whom he is speaking. When the addressee is included, the suffix -mal is added to the first-person pronoun an. Examples

1. Nanmal pato mas kucha.

‗We not you already ate the food.‘

2. Anmal pato mas kucha.

‗We including you already ate the food.‘

20.4.3 Demonstratives

Demonstratives are used to point out a personthing to whomwhich the speaker is referring, in a manner similar to the English demonstratives ―this‖ and ―that.‖ In Kuna, they may be used in isolation as pronouns or as adjectives preceding the noun to which they refer; or they may be suffixed and function as adverbs. They have a restricted use in discourse situations. There are four demonstrative pronouns in Kuna: iti, we, a and te. Iti ‗this‘ and we ‗that‘ are used to refer to peoplethings that are within seeing distance of the speaker in the speaker ‘s presence, a ‗that‘ refers to a personthing outside the speaker ‘s setting presence, and te ‗that same‘ is used to reinforce a back reference and confirm that the same personobject is being referred to as was previously mentioned. The demonstratives frequently occur at the beginning of a sentence, since the item they refer to is often topic. Examples 1. Iti mol an pakne. ‗I am going to buy this blouse which is right here.‘ 2. We mol an pakchul. ‗I won‘t buy that blouse over there.‘ 3. A tule odurtalegenab. ‗That person who is not here should be punished.‘ 4. ... ¿Ibi nika tede? ‗... What‘s wrong with that person about whom we have been talking?‘ 5. Pe iti uko. ‗Sell this.‘ 121 The final n of nan is fortis nn but is written as a single letter by convention see 2.2.3.4 footnote 8.