Uadin, toto chul. Negatives Ex. 22 –30

206 Commands 1 Basic negative suffix - chuli-zhuli-juli „no‟ negating a word As discussed in Section 9.4.2, the negative suffix -chuli-zhuli-juli may be used to negate specific words such as adjectives or adverbs. The basic negative suffix -chuli-zhuli-juli is added to an adjective to give a negative answer to a question, to intensify antithesis or to provide an antonym for an adjective which does not have an antonym. Examples 1. totojuli ‗not small emphatic: large‘

2. kakpijuli

‗not at all bitter sweet‘ 3. tikalbal ‗nearby‘ becomes tikajul ‗not near far‘ 2 Basic negative suffix - chuli-zhuli-juli „no‟ negating a sentence A Kuna sentence is negated by adding the basic negative suffix -chuli-zhuli-juli ‗no‘ to the verb. 96 The long form has a more emphatic connotation than the short. The suffix is attached to the verb stem or immediately following the aspect suffix, for example, the desiderative suffix -bi-pi see 2.4.2.1. Examples 1. An immal pakchul. ‗I did not buy a thing.‘ 2. An mol peichuli. 97 ‗I do not want cloth.‘ 3. An mol peichul. ‗I do not want cloth.‘ 4. An nan takchajul. ‗I did not see Mother.‘ 5. Anmal yannu gwen takchajulmal. ‗We did not see a single peccary.‘ 6. An nebijul. ‗I don’t want to go.‘ Exercise 23 . -chul-zhul-jul negation of sentence frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise is repeated several times. Example Teacher: An nejul. Student: An nejul. 1. An nejul. ‗I am not going to go.‘ 2. An mas kuchajul. ‗I didn‘t eat any food.‘ 3. An mol pakchajul. ‗I didn‘t buy cloth.‘ 4. An tub peichul. ‗I don‘t want thread.‘ 5. An nebijul. ‗I don‘t want to go.‘ Exercise 24 . -chul-zhul-jul negation of sentence stimulus response drill The teacher selects a sentence from those listed below. The student responds by giving the negative form of the sentence. Example Teacher: An ne. Student: An nejul. 1. An ne. ‗I‘m going to go.‘ 2. Machi ua chwas. ‗The boy caught a fish.‘ 3. Tad es pakpi. ‗The elder wants to buy a machete.‘ 96 After the dipthongs ai, ei, and oi, -chuli occurs rather than -juli. In fact, the -ch form of any suffix having an alternate beginning in ch would occur after these diphthongs. 97 The verb stem pei ‗to want to have something‘ expresses a desiderative state see 2.4.2.2. 15.4 Grammar 207 4. An mani pei. ‗I want money.‘ 5. An karpa chobcha. ‗I made a basket.‘ Note that s + chj = ch, for example, chwas + -jul = chwachul. 15.4.2.3 Other negative words Several other words used in a sentence give the sentence a negative meaning. 1 Negative command melle „don‟t‟ The negative command melle ‗don‘t‘ is discussed in Section 15.4.1.6. 2 Negative desiderative action yapa „don‟t want to‟ As has been mentioned see 15.4.2.2.2, Example 6, a desiderative action may be negated by adding the basic negative suffix -chul-zhul-jul to the verb. The desiderative action may also be negated by use of an adverb yapa ‗don‘t want to‘ in the adverbial position after the subject and before the object, if there is one. The adverb yapa ‗don‘t want to‘ has a stronger negative connotation than does the desiderative action suffix -bi-pi and -chul-jul. Example An yapa mol pak. ‗I don‘t want to buy cloth.‘ Exercise 25 . Yapa negative desiderative action frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: An yapa ne. Student: An yapa ne. 1. An yapa ne. ‗I don‘t want to go.‘ 2. An yapa mantur kun. ‗I don‘t want to eat roasted plantain.‘ 3. An yapa mol pak. ‗I don‘t want to buy cloth.‘ 4. An yapa ina kop. ‗I don‘t want to take drink the medicine.‘ 5. An yapa wartiku. ‗I don‘t want to get wet.‘ Exercise 26 . Yapa negative desiderative action stimulus response drill The teacher selects a sentence and says it. The student responds using the negative form with yapa. Example Teacher: An nebi. Student: An yapa ne. 1. An nebi. ‗I want to go.‘ 2. An ua kumpi. ‗I want to eat fish.‘ 3. An saglabak chunmabi. ‗I want to talk to the chief.‘ 4. An ul nudabi. ‗I want to repair the canoe.‘ 5. An chagla chikpi. ‗I want to have my hair cut.‘ 3 Negative adverb yo „not yet‟ The negative adverb yo ‗not yet‘ or ‗before hesheit had ...‘ is used as an adverb in a subordinate sentence. Yo ‗not yet‘ is when the action in the independent sentence precedes that of the subordinate sentence. That is to say, Kuna negates an action by using yo ‗not yet‘ to indicate the concept that before something happened, the action in the independent sentence took place. Example An yo nadgu, an mas kucha. ‗Before I left, I ate some food.‘ Exercise 27 . Yo ‗not yet‘ stimulus response drill The teacher gives the sentence. The student responds using the yo form of the subordinate sentence.