Intonation of commands Ex.1 –2

194 Commands Exercise 1 . Intonation drill Dramatize Dialogue 15 with the student playing different roles. Exercise 2 . Problem solving drill Discuss and drill any problems encountered in Exercises 1 and 2 above. 15.2.2 Intonation of a sentence containing the reported speech suffix -chog-zhog-jog In considering the intonation pattern of sentences using the reported speech suffix -chog-zhog-jog, it is important to note that the suffix is attached to the quote without any pause or break in the utterance. For example, note Sentence 5 in Dialogue 15.1.

15.3 Culture

The force with which you give a command in Kuna varies according to the relative status of the speaker to the hearer. This, in turn, is dependent on such criteria as age elder to younger, younger to elder, social status chief to one of his people, one of the people to their chief, and the respect the speaker owes the hearer. If you are in a position where you must give a command, and you are in doubt as to the force of command, you may politely use, it is best to use a polite, less forceful form.

15.4 Grammar

15.4.1 Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21

As it has already been expressed, commands or requests vary in force. The relative force of the command is not only conveyed by intonation, as seen in Section B, but is also expressed by the grammatical structure chosen. There are three degrees of forcefulness in Kuna commands: 1 polite command, 2 strong command, and 3 very polite command. The three degrees of commands may be expressed in singular form or group form and each may be positive or negative. 15.4.1.1 Polite commands Polite commands in Kuna are used when the speaker is directing an order to someone of equal status or where the difference in status is overlooked to assure compliance with the command. The polite form is also used when a situation is not urgent. It is the most common command form in Kuna and parallels the SpanishEnglish command, Hágame el favor de... ‗Please ...‘. 1 Verb form of a polite command The polite command is formed by adding the suffix -o to the verb stem. 89 Examples 1. Anka uko. ‗Please give it to me.‘

2. Anche tago.

‗Please come to me.‘ 2 Additional information in a polite command Additional information, such as a phrase to clarify the purpose of an action or goal of a motion, is mandatory 90 in a polite command. Or, a polite command may include a direct object, indirect object, or some other phrase. The subject is rarely stated. Word order of a polite command follows normal pattern; that is to say, the additional information always precedes the verb. 89 Although the verb of the polite command is the same as the verb form with the future aspect, the two meanings may generally be distinguished because no subject occurs in the polite command. 90 Very occasionally, no additional information is used with a polite command and the verb is used alone. 15.4 Grammar 195 Examples 1. Ina kobo. ‗Please drink the medicine.‘ 2. Anka uko. ‗Please give it to me.‘ 3. Negzhe nao. ‗Please go home.‘ Very rarely is the subject of a polite command clarified by using the vocative form of the subject see 10.4.6. Example Naná , anka ua uko. ‗Mother, please give me the fish.‘ Exercise 3 . Polite command frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Anche tago. Student: Anche tago. 1. Anche tago. ‗Please come to me.‘ 2. Negzhe nao. ‗Please go home.‘ 3. Ina kobo. ‗Please drink the medicine.‘ 4. Iti kunno. ‗Please eat this.‘ 5. Wegin chigo. ‗Please sit there.‘ Exercise 4 . Polite command situational drill The teacher selects one of the situations listed below and says it to a student. The student responds by giving a suitable command selected from those listed below. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: You want somebody to come to you. Student: Anche tago. Situation 1. You want somebody to come to you. 2. You want somebody to tell you something. 3. You want somebody to give something to Mother. 4. You want somebody to go home. 5. You want somebody to eat what you are offering him. Command 1. Anche tago. ‗Please come to me.‘ 2. Nanga uko. ‗Please give it to Mother.‘ 3. Negzhe nao. ‗Please go home.‘ 4. Iti kunno. ‗Please eat this.‘ 5. Anka chogo. ‗Please tell me.‘ Exercise 5 Strongpolite command transform drill The teacher selects and says one of the strong commands from those listed below. The student changes the command to the more polite form. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: ¡Ne, negzhe Student: ¡Negzhe nao 1. ¡Ne, negzhe ‗Go home‘ 2. ¡Chig, wegin ‗Sit there‘ 3. ¡Uk, anka ‗Give it to me‘ 4. ¡Chog, pabga ‗Tell your father‘ 5. ¡Ne, nanbak ‗Go with your mother‘