Pirkagwenche pe ampak tio.

10.4 Grammar 119 Example Teacher: An nao. Student: An nao. Teacher: pan Student: Pan an ne. 45 1a. An nao. ‗I will go.‘ b. pan ‗tomorrow‘ 2a. Ome mas tuo. ‗The woman will cook food.‘ b. chedo ‗afternoon‘ 3a. Machi cho chiko. ‗The boy will cut wood.‘ b. kujal ‗later‘ 4a. Juan aros tako. ‗John will look at the rice.‘ b. wakur ‗morning‘ 5a. An machered mas tigo. ‗My husband will plant plantains.‘ b. achul ‗day after tomorrow‘ 6a. Anna mol enuko. ‗Anne will wash clothes.‘ b. pan ‗tomorrow‘

10.4.2 Including an additional participant in an action Ex. 8 –9

10.4.2.1 Participants viewed individually

You may wish to refer to a participant performing an action with others, yet wish to view his participation separately from the participation of the others. In English, one way of doing this is to name the new participant, the action, and the word ―too‖ or ―also‖ in a separate sentence. For example, ―John went. Peter went, too.‖ Or it can be expressed in a sentence such as, ―John went, and Peter also.‖ 1 Reasons for viewing participants individually There are several reasons for viewing participants individually. a Afterthought One of the most common reasons for viewing a participant in an action individually is the need for an afterthought. That is to say, you may start out by saying, ―John went.‖ Then you remember about Peter and add as an afterthought, ―Peter went too.‖ b Separate roles A more important reason for viewing a participant in an action individually is that you want your hearer to keep sight of the different roles of the characters. An example of this is found in the story, Little Red Riding Hood : ―Little Red Riding Hood went on to grandmother‘s house. The wolf went, too.‖ In this example, there is a desire to keep the role of the heroine separate from the role of the villain. c Individual actions Another reason for viewing the participants of an action separately is that, for some reason, it is important to emphasize that the added participant also participated in the action. This may be accomplished in English by use of the word ―both‖ or ―all.‖ For example, ―John and Mary both went.‖ or ―Peter, John and Mary all went. ‖ 45 Ne, when used as the verb stem, means ‗going to go‘; when it is suffixed to another stem it means ‗going to ___‘. 120 Grouping Objects, People, or Actions 2 Including an additional participant construction In Kuna, to refer to an additional individual participant who also performed the action, a separate sentence is used. That sentence restates the participant, and the action, and adds the suffix -mo to the verb referring to the action. Example Juan nad. Pedro nanmo. 46 ‗John went. Peter went too.‘ a Including an additional participant in an attributive sentence In the case of an attributive sentence, where no verb is expressed, the suffix -mo attaches to the attribute. Example Pedro orojuli. Juan orojulmo. ‗Peter is tall. John is tall too.‘ b Including an additional participant in a conversational exchange In conversation, if you wish to include somebody else in the action to which the previous speaker just referred, repeat the verb he used and add -mo to it. Examples 1. John: An ne. ‗I am going to go.‘ 2. Mary: An nemo. ‗I am going to go, too.‘ 10.4.2.2 Participants viewed as a group At times, it is necessary to group the different participants together and treat them as if they had acted as a unit. For example, ―John and Mary went.‖ There are at least two constructions for viewing participants as a group. Reference to participants as a group usually occurs in answer to a question or in making a statement. 1 Answer to a question In Kuna, when an answer to a question includes a group of participants, the construction is handled by giving the name of one participant, the name of the other participant, the number of participants, and the verb: participant + participant + number of participants + verb. Example Juan, María; walbo nad. ‗John, Mary; two went. John and Mary went.‘ 2 Statement If, however, you were merely stating that John and Mary went, you would use a generic term to include the people in the group, a verb, the name of a participant, the name of another participant, the number of people and a verb: generic term + verb; name of participant, name of other participant; number of participants + verb. The generic term in this construction may be tulemal ‗people‘, amal ‗they‘, or the number which represents the participants such as walbo ‗two people‘. Examples 1. Tulemal nade; Juan, María; walbo nade. ‗People went; John, Mary; two went. John and Mary went.‘ 2. Amal nade; Juan, María; walbo nade. ‗They went; John, Mary; two went. John and Mary went.‘ 3. Walbo nade; Juan, María; walbo nade. ‗Two went; John, Mary; two went. John and Mary went.‘ 46 d becomes n before m.