An machiga chogzha. Indirect object Ex. 14

126 Grouping Objects, People, or Actions

10.4.9 Habitual aspect

51 Ex. 15 –16 Certain events that we speak of happen regularly; they are habits, or customary. ―Tigers eat deer.‖ is an example of an habitual action. The event of a tiger eating deer is not a one-time event, but rather something that happens all the time, habitually. In English, the present tense of the verb is used to describe habitual actions. In Kuna, the short form of the verb stem is used alone without any suffix. Example Achu parpad koe kun. ‗Tigers eat habitually deer.‘ Exercise 15 . Habitual aspect frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Tule ua kun. Student: Tule ua kun. 1. Tule ua kun. ‗Kunas eat fish.‘ 2. An ina che. ‗I practice medicine.‘ 3. An mol pak. ‗I always buy blouses.‘ 4. An nugal unke. ‗I always pull teeth.‘ 5. An ome mol mak. ‗My wife always sews blouses.‘ Exercise 16 . Habitual aspect drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student changes it to the habitual aspect form of the verb and adds the word pane-pane ‗everyday‘. 52 Example Teacher: Machi ua kucha. Student: Machi pane-pane ua kun. 1. Machi ua kucha. ‗The boy ate the fish.‘ 2. Tad ua chwas. ‗The elder caught fish.‘ 3. Pun mol enukcha. ‗The girl washed the clothes.‘ 4. Mu mol makne. ‗The old lady is going to sew a blouse.‘ 5. Ome mas tus. ‗The woman cooked food.‘

10.4.10 Adverbs Ex. 17 –18

Adverbs in Kuna, as in English, modify the verb; but their position in the sentence is different from English word order. In Kuna, they occur after the subject and before the indirect or direct object: subject + adverb + indirect object + direct object + verb. Subtle nuances of meaning are achieved by changing this basic word order and are discussed in later lessons. Example Pab pirkin machi pilal. ‗The father loves the boy very much.‘ Exercise 17 . Adverbial word order frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. 51 Other uses of the habitual aspect are discussed in Section 12.4.1.2 and 19.4.9 52 In this grammar all reduplicated adverbs are written with a hyphen. 10.5 Vocabulary 127 Example Teacher: Machi kueye-kueye ua kucha. Student: Machi kueye-kueye ua kucha. 1. Machi kueye-kueye ua kucha. ‗The boy ate the fish quickly.‘ 2. Ome kueye-kueye mol makcha. ‗The woman made the blouse quickly.‘ 3. Pun kueye-kueye esmed chus. ‗The girl fetches the pot quickly.‘ 4. Machi kueye-kueye ti opas. ‗The boy crossed the river quickly.‘ 5. Ome kueye-kueye yogal enukcha. ‗The woman washed the shirt quickly.‘ Exercise 18 . Adverbial word order substitution drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it, adding the adverb kueye-kueye ‗quickly‘. After the student and the teacher have worked through all the sentences one time, they repeat the exercise using the adverb pinna-pinna ‗slowly‘. Example Teacher: Machi es chune. Student: Machi kueye-kueye es chune. 1. Machi es chune. ‗The boy is going to fetch the machete.‘ 2. Machi karta nermas. ‗The boy wrote a letter.‘ 3. Ome mas chikcha. ‗The woman cut plantains.‘ 4. Tad karpa chobzha. ‗The elder made a basket.‘ 5. Machi ina kobzha. ‗The boy drank the medicine.‘

10.5 Vocabulary

1. immala ‗thinganimal‘ 2. choge ‗to say‘ 3. toaga ‗to whomfor whom‘ 4. ibiga ‗why‘ 5. kole ‗to callshout‘ 6. chobe ‗to make‘ 7. namake ‗to sing‘ 8. nermake ‗to writedraw‘ 9. ye ‗sick‘ 10. amie ‗to hunt‘ 11. emie ‗to cleanweed in a field‘ 12. nuga ‗name‘ 13. ai ‗friend‘ 14. abe ‗blood‘ 15. aktee ‗to descendgo down‘ 16. chaboe ‗to keepput away‘ 17. mara ‗thunder‘ 18. po ‗mistcloud‘ 19. kwi ‗mosquito‘ 20. nega ‗houseplace, field‘ 21. ti wie ‗to rain‘ 22. amma ‗aunt‘ 23. achu parpadi ‗jaguarocelot‘ 24. akwati ‗kerosene‘ 25. ina ‗medicine‘ 26. inna ‗chicha‘