An saglaga pebal chogzha. ‗I told the chief what you said.‘

190 Social Interaction

b. An saglaje pegin ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about you in general, How are

you?, etc.‘

c. An saglaje pebal ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about what you said.‘

14.4.10 Direct speech

The clause with a verb of speaking, for example, ―He said,...,‖ almost always precedes the quotation what is said. Occasionally, the response to a question or proposal will precede the clause of speaking, as seen in the boy ‘s response to the chief in the following example. Example 1. Sagla machiga chogal: ‗The chief began to say to the boy,‘ 2. --Pe negzhe nao. ‗―Go home‖‘ 3. --Nabir-- Nega chog. ‗―Fine‖ the boy replied to him.‘ 4. --Pedrodin ampak nao. ‗―Peter will go with me.‖‘

14.4.11 Verbs of thinking

In Kuna, three different verbs are used which can be translated by the English verb, ―to think.‖ A difference is made between an opinion held, the process of thinking cogitating and surmise. 14.4.11.1 Opinion The positionopinion of the speaker on a particular topicsituation is stated by using the habitual aspect of ―to thinksay ‖ followed by a direct or indirect quote, which is the stated positionopinion of the speaker. Example Antin chog: ―Nabir.‖ 86 ‗I think that is fine.‘ 14.4.11.2 Process of thinking The process of thinking is expressed by the verb pinzhe ‗to think about‘. The verb is preceded by the thought which is marked by the specific or general suffix -gin-kin or -bal-pal see 14.4.8.1 –4. Example An nangin pinzheji. ‗I am just thinking about Mother.‘ 14.4.11.3 Surmise Surmise is expressed by the verb ebinzhe ‗to thinksurmise‘. The content of the surmise is followed by the ebinzhe clause. Example Pabdin pato Pukurgin omos, an ebinzhe. ‗I think Father would have already arrived in Pucuru by now.‘

14.4.12 Exclusive noun suffix -bi-pi Ex. 26 –27

The use of the exclusive noun suffix -bi-pi parallels the English construction ‗only a certain thing‘, such as found in the sentence, ―I eat only cooked plantains.‖ This exclusive construction is used only with the noun phrase and is achieved by adding -bi-pi to the last word of the noun phrase, either a noun, an adjective, or a pronoun. Examples 1. An chiglibi takcha. ‗I saw only wild turkeys.‘ 2. Macherganbi ormanemal. ‗Only the men are all going to the meeting.‘ 86 Note that punctuation calls for no new paragraph for the content of a thought. 14.4 Grammar 191

3. Mol kinnidbi, an pei. ‗I want only red cloth.‘

4. Yannu omemalbi an mecha. ‗I killed only the wild sows.‘

5. Ampi koe takcha. ‗Only I saw the deer.‘

Exercise 26 . Exclusive suffix -bi-pi frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Chiglibi pukwa. Student: Chiglibi pukwa. 1. Chiglibi pukwa. ‗Only wild turkeys are there.‘ 2. An nalu kinnidbi mecha. ‗I killed only red macaw parrots.‘ 3. Wagbi noni. ‗Only outsiders arrived.‘ 4. An palubi pakcha. ‗I bought only salt.‘ 5. Macherganbi ormanemal. ‗Only the men are all going to meet.‘ Exercise 27 . Exclusive suffix -bi-pi drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it, using the exclusive suffix -bi-pi form. Example Teacher: Chigli pukwa. Student: Chiglibi pukwa. 1. Chigli pukwa. ‗The wild turkeys are there.‘ 2. Tule tupkin mai. ‗Kunas live on the island.‘ 3. Machi nuzha ukcha. ‗The boy sold eggs.‘ 4. Machi kan chobbi. ‗The boy wants to make stools.‘ 5. Wag kallin kumpi. ‗The outsider wants to eat chicken.‘

14.4.13 Exclusive action adverb unila ‘only’ Ex. 28

The exclusive action adverb unila ‗only‘ indicates that only the particular action mentioned in the sentence is carried out. The exclusive adverb is placed in the adverbial position in the sentence. Example Antin unila murruk ebus. ‗I onlyjust touched the cup.‘ Contrast the above example with the following: Example Antin murrukpi ebus. ‗I touched onlyjust the cup.‘ The first example illustrates the way the adverb excludes any other action. The person ―only touched‖ the cup, he did not move it or break it. The second example illustrates that it was ―only the cup‖ that was touched, not the saucer or the glass. Exercise 28 . Exclusive action versus exclusive noun phrase contrast drill The teacher says the sentence and then says a word or phrase from the sentence, which is to be made exclusive. The student repeats the sentence adding the exclusive noun suffix -bi-pi or the exclusive adverb unila ‗only‘ in the appropriate position. This exercise should be repeated as necessary. Examples Teacher: An koe takcha. Teacher: koe Student: An koebi takcha. Teacher: An koe takcha. Teacher: takcha Student: An unila koe takcha. 1. An koe takcha. ‗I saw a deer.‘ 2. An chigli mecha. ‗I killed a wild turkey.‘