Vocabulary Dialogue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

193 15 COMMANDS

15.1 Dialogue

The giving of orders and commands is important in every culture. Each culture has ―acceptable‖ ways to give a command, which may vary according to the situation or the relationship of the speaker to the listener. 1. Chief: ¡Machi, tag ‗Boy, come here‘ The boy comes to the chief. 2. Boy: Ajáj. ‗Yes.‘ 3. Chief: An pabbak chunmabi. Pabga chogo. ‗I want to talk to your father. Go and tell him.‘ 4. Boy: Nabiri. ‗Okay.‘ The boy goes off to find his father. 5. Boy: Sagla chog: ―Tago.‖ Pebak chunmabijog. ‗The chief says to come. He wants to talk to you.‘ 6. Father: Ajáj. ‗Oh.‘ The father was holding a small child and puts him down. The mother speaks to the child. 7. Mother: ¡Nen 88 ‗Come baby talk‘ The child ignores the mother. 8. Mother: ¡Tage ‗Come exasperated‘ The child goes to the mother. 9. Father: Sagla taknegwel. ‗I‘m going to go see the chief a minute.‘ 10. Mother: Eye. ‗Yes.‘ The father goes to see the chief. After formalities are exchanged, the conversation continues. 11. Chief: Nabirde. An pei, pe wis an pentako. Anka ul tummad wis ololchao, itos. ‗Okay. I would like you to help me. Please lend me your big canoe.‘ 12. Father: ¿Inkwa pe pei? ‗When do you want it?‘ 13. Chief: Pan, wakur. ‗Tomorrow morning.‘ 14. Father: Nabiri. ‗That‘s fine.‘ 15. Chief: Ajáj. ‗Good.‘ The conversation proceeds to other topics.

15.2 Pronunciation

15.2.1 Intonation of commands Ex.1 –2

The intonation pattern of commands is closely related to the emotional climate of the situation and to the force with which the speaker wishes to deliver the command. The more ―strong‖ the command, the more harsh and strident the intonation becomes. 88 nen ‗come‘ is a command form of the motion verb ne ‗to go‘ and is used only with young children. 194 Commands Exercise 1 . Intonation drill Dramatize Dialogue 15 with the student playing different roles. Exercise 2 . Problem solving drill Discuss and drill any problems encountered in Exercises 1 and 2 above. 15.2.2 Intonation of a sentence containing the reported speech suffix -chog-zhog-jog In considering the intonation pattern of sentences using the reported speech suffix -chog-zhog-jog, it is important to note that the suffix is attached to the quote without any pause or break in the utterance. For example, note Sentence 5 in Dialogue 15.1.

15.3 Culture

The force with which you give a command in Kuna varies according to the relative status of the speaker to the hearer. This, in turn, is dependent on such criteria as age elder to younger, younger to elder, social status chief to one of his people, one of the people to their chief, and the respect the speaker owes the hearer. If you are in a position where you must give a command, and you are in doubt as to the force of command, you may politely use, it is best to use a polite, less forceful form.

15.4 Grammar

15.4.1 Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21

As it has already been expressed, commands or requests vary in force. The relative force of the command is not only conveyed by intonation, as seen in Section B, but is also expressed by the grammatical structure chosen. There are three degrees of forcefulness in Kuna commands: 1 polite command, 2 strong command, and 3 very polite command. The three degrees of commands may be expressed in singular form or group form and each may be positive or negative. 15.4.1.1 Polite commands Polite commands in Kuna are used when the speaker is directing an order to someone of equal status or where the difference in status is overlooked to assure compliance with the command. The polite form is also used when a situation is not urgent. It is the most common command form in Kuna and parallels the SpanishEnglish command, Hágame el favor de... ‗Please ...‘. 1 Verb form of a polite command The polite command is formed by adding the suffix -o to the verb stem. 89 Examples 1. Anka uko. ‗Please give it to me.‘

2. Anche tago.

‗Please come to me.‘ 2 Additional information in a polite command Additional information, such as a phrase to clarify the purpose of an action or goal of a motion, is mandatory 90 in a polite command. Or, a polite command may include a direct object, indirect object, or some other phrase. The subject is rarely stated. Word order of a polite command follows normal pattern; that is to say, the additional information always precedes the verb. 89 Although the verb of the polite command is the same as the verb form with the future aspect, the two meanings may generally be distinguished because no subject occurs in the polite command. 90 Very occasionally, no additional information is used with a polite command and the verb is used alone.