kollojuli totojuli tummajuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

9.4 Grammar 107 2a. muis ‗inexpensive‘

b. muiduli

‗not inexpensive‘ 9.4.2.2 Common significance of negated adjectives The most common meaning of a negated adjective is similar to the meaning of the negated adjective in EnglishSpanish. Examples 1a. istar ‗bad‘

b. istarchuli

‗not bad‘ 2a. olobi ‗empty‘

b. olobijuli

‗not empty‘ When it has this meaning, the first syllable of the negative suffix tends to be stressed. Example olobijúli ‗not empty‘

9.4.2.3 Idiomatic use of negated adjectives

Sometimes the use of a negated adjective does more than simply negate an attribute. When a person chooses to use the negated form of certain adjectives in preference to an existing antonym, a very intense antithesis is communicated. In this case, the use of the negated adjective completely eliminates any characteristic of the concept negated. Examples 1. iche ‗a little‘

2. ichejuli

‗not a little a lot‘ In this construction, the syllable preceding the negative suffix tends to be stressed. Example ichéjuli ‗not a little a lot‘ The intensification of antithesis is a phenomenon which occurs only with certain adjectives. Some adjectives that are used to intensify antithesis are in the following list. Examples Direct Translation Idiomatic Significance 1. totojuli ‗not small‘ ‗big‘ 2. purwijuli ‗not tiny‘ ‗large‘ 3. tutujuli ‗not soft‘ ‗hard‘ 4. tinnajuli ‗not dry‘ ‗dampwet‘ 5. karkijuli ‗not expensive‘ ‗inexpensive‘ 6. muiduli ‗not cheap‘ ‗expensive‘ 7. ichejuli ‗not a little‘ ‗a lot‘ 8. tikajuli ‗not nearby‘ ‗far away‘ Exercise 6 . Negated adjective drill The teacher says Sentence 1. The student responds by repeating the modified noun with the negated form of the adjective and omitting the verb used in Sentence 1. The succeeding sentences are drilled in a similar fashion. Examples Teacher: Ul toto nai. Student: Ul totojuli. Teacher: Win purwi pukwa. Student: Win purwijuli. 1. Ul toto nai. ‗A small boat is there.‘ 2. Win purwi pukwa. ‗Tiny beads are sitting there.‘ 108 Basic HealthMedical Discussion 3. Neg tika chi. ‗The house is sitting nearby.‘ 4. Mol karki pakcha. ‗I bought expensive cloth.‘ 5. Ochi tutu kunnai. ‗I am eating a soft candy.‘ 6. Sabured tinna nai. ‗The sabured is suspended dry.‘

9.4.3 Colors Ex. 7 –10

Color plays a very important role in Kuna culture and the Kuna concept of color varies considerably from the EnglishSpanish view. Therefore, a brief overview of the Kuna color system is given here for the language learner. 37 Truly beautiful colors from a Kuna standpoint are colors which are classified as ―pure‖ colors. Each of the five ―pure‖ colors has a name: 1. kinnid ‗red‘ 2. kollogwad ‗yellow‘ 3. arrad ‗blue‘ 4. chibu ‗white‘ 5. chichid ‗black‘ All other colors are inferior and less highly valued. The five pure colors comprise the base points of a two-way color distinction; spectral colors and shades of intensity.

9.4.3.1 Spectral colors

Spectral colors are those colors which occur on a color spectrum. The primary colors on the spectrum have specific names, others are given coined names. 1 Primary color names The primary colors, in the order in which they are listed below, comprise the base and mid-points of the Kuna color spectrum. They are all pure colors and, therefore, highly valued, but red is the most appealing of all: 1. kinnid ‗red‘ 2. kollogwad 38 ‗yellow‘ 3. arrad ‗blue‘ 2 Coined terms for color Secondary colors between the base and mid-points on the spectrum, that is, those such as orange, green, and violet, do not have specific names, and are often referred to by coined terms that may vary from one speaker to another. The coined tem is derived from the name of a familiar object of similar color plus a color suffix -gid. Examples 1. kwili apchalgid ‗the color of parakeet feathers lime green‘

2. chapkalegid

‗the color of a leaf green‘ 37 A more-detailed discussion of Kuna color perspective is found in ―Spectral colors and intensity in Paya Kuna color terminology‖, Wilma Forster, forthcoming. 38 Although kollogwad ‗yellow‘ is a coined term derived from kollo ‗ripe‘ plus -gwad, it usually occurs in this form, but sometimes in a given context a yellow object may be referred to simply as kollo ‗yellow‘. All Kunas use this term for ―yellow‖ and treat it as a pure color. In phrases such as kollo chibugwad ‗whitened yellow‘ note that -gwad is attached to the modifier rather than to kollo.