Peripheral element omitted in the main clause and unexpanded in the postpredicate position

17.4 Grammar 233 Examples Indirect object:

1. An mol ukcha; nanga. ‗I gave the cloth to Mother.‘

Time word:

2. An ne; mutik. ‗I am going tonight.‘

Locative word:

3. Koe un; chapurbal. ‗A deer is in the jungle.‘

Goal word:

4. An ne; negzhe. ‗I am going to go home.‘

Adverb:

5. Machi ne; kueye-kueye. ‗The boy is going to go quickly.‘

Exercise 5 . Postpredicate position peripheral element omission frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: An mol ukne; nanga. Student: An mol ukne; nanga. 1. An mol ukne; nanga. ‗I am going to give the cloth to Mother.‘ 2. An ne; negzhe. ‗I‘m going to go home.‘ 3. Machi immal amine; chapurbal. ‗The boy is going hunting in the jungle.‘ 4. Tule noni; Pukur akar. ‗The people have arrived from Pucuru.‘ 5. An cho chikne; akangin. ‗I am going to cut firewood with an axe.‘ Exercise 6 . Postpredicate position peripheral element omission transform drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it moving the peripheral element from the simple sentence to the postpredicate position. Example Teacher: An nanga mol ukcha. Student: An mol ukcha; nanga. 1. An nanga mol ukcha. ‗I gave Mother the cloth.‘ 2. Machi negzhe nad. ‗The boy went home.‘ 3. Ozhi igalgin pukwa. ‗The pineapples are in the path.‘ 4. Machergan kullubal arpanani. ‗The men are working on the river bank.‘ 5. Kukualed Panama akar tani. ‗The plane is coming from Panama.‘ 6. Machi ulgin nad. ‗The boy went by canoe.‘ 7. Machi opakal aros tigne. ‗The boy is going to plant rice across the river.‘ 8. Sagla sae arpi. ‗The chief went and came back yesterday.‘ 9. Ome ankin mol pakcha. ‗The woman bought the cloth from me.‘ 10. Machi pabbak immal amine. ‗The boy is going hunting with his father.‘ 17.4.2.2 Element stated in an expanded or unexpanded form in the simple sentence and repeated in the same form in the postpredicate position 234 Telling Stories Examples 1. Machi nanga ua ukcha; nanga. 106 ‗The boy gave Mother the fish.‘ 2. Machi Panamabal ne; Panamabal. ‗The boy is going to go to Panama.‘ Similarly, when a peripheral element is modified by an adjective, the noun, adjective and suffix may all be repeated in the postpredicate position. Examples 1. Tad machi tummadga es ukcha; machi tummadga . ‗The elder gave the machete to the big boy.‘ 2. Ome choneg tummadzhe nad; choneg tummadzhe . ‗The woman went to the big cookhouse.‘ Exercise 7 . Postpredicate position peripheral element repetition frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Ome macheredga ua tus; macheredga. Student: Ome macheredga ua tus; macheredga. 1. Ome macheredga ua tus; macheredga. ‗The woman cooked fish for her husband.‘ 2. Machi chapurbal arpi; chapurbal. ‗The boy has been to the jungle.‘ 3. Wag teal akar tani; teal akar. ‗The outsider has come from downriver.‘ 4. Machi aktegalgin ua makcha; aktegalgin. ‗The boy speared the fish with his punt.‘ 5. Mu negzhe nad; negzhe. ‗The old lady went home.‘ Exercise 8 . Postpredicate position peripheral element repetition drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it adding the peripheral element in the postpredicate position. Example Teacher: Machi nanga ua ukcha. Student: Machi nanga ua ukcha; nanga. 1. Machi nanga ua ukcha. ‗The boy gave his mother the fish.‘ 2. Machi igalbal koe takcha. ‗The boy saw a deer on the trail.‘ 3. Kukualed Panama akar tani. ‗The plane is coming from Panama.‘ 4. Machi yal pirzhe nad. ‗The boy went to the top of the hill.‘ 5. Machi esgin mas chikcha. ‗The boy cut the plantains with a machete.‘ Likewise, the subject may be restated, either in the long or short form. When the sentence is an assertion about the identity of the subject, one of the topic marking suffixes -din-tin or -de-te tends to be attached, as in Sentences 3 and 4 of Exercise 9. Examples 1. Pab ye; paba. ‗Father is sick.‘ 2. Nan mas chikti; nan. ‗Mother cut plantains.‘ Exercise 9 . Postpredicate position subject repeated frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. 106 The distinction between sentences 1 and 2 below is very slight:

1. Machi ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave the fish to Mother.‘

2. Machi nanga ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave Mother the fish.‘

Sentence 2 places a somewhat stronger emphasis on the indirect object than does Sentence 1.