Esmed chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
2. Kachi nai.
‗The hammock is hanging there.‘3. Kukualed nai.
‗The plane is suspended there.‘4. Choul nai.
‗The boat is suspended there.‘ Another use of the positional verb nai is in the case of some items being left over out of a group. Examples1. Nuzha ampa nai.
‗There are still some eggs left over.‘2. Yannu ampa nai.
‗There are still some peccary left in the herd.‘ 4 Kwichi In general, the positional verb kwichi refers to objects which are standing upleaning against something. Nonrigid items cannot ―stand‖ and consequently never occur with the positional verb kwichi. 21 Examples 1. Eswal kwichi. ‗The spear is standing there.‘2. Pagla kwichi.
‗The main house pole is standing there.‘ 5 Un Un is used to describe something which is viewed as being ―on all fours.‖ Examples 1. Koe wegin un. ‗The deer is on all fours there.‘2. Achu wegin un.
‗The dog is on all fours there.‘ 6.4.1.2 Variation in choice of positional verbs Usually it is fairly easy to choose the correct positional verb as you view an object from a Kuna person ‘s point of view. Sometimes, however, the choice of position may vary according to the situation or to the viewpoint of the speaker at the moment. Examples 1. Mol nai. ‗The blouse is hanging there.‘2. Mol mai.
‗The blouse is folded flat and lying there.‘3. Mol chi.
‗The blouse is sitting there on a temporary basis.‘4. Mol pukwa.
22 ‗The blouse is in a heap there.‘ 6.4.1.3 Positional verbs with reference to people Although any of the positional verbs may be used on occasions with reference to people, the verbs mai and chi are most commonly used. 1 Idiomatic use of maichi In the Paya Kuna dialect, 23 there is an idiomatic distinction made between the positional verb used to refer to the physical presence location of a man versus that of a woman. The positional verb mai is almost always used to refer to the location of a man or a boy, and the positional verb chi is almost always used to refer to the location of a woman or a girl. 21 kwichi is actually a compound verb derived from kwi ‗to stand‘ + -s ‗completive‘ + chi ‗to sit‘. Note that s + ch becomes ch. 22 The plural of positional verbs is discussed in 13.4.3.2. 23 The San Blas dialect uses mai for both male and female. 62 Positional Words Examples 1. Tad mai. ‗The grandfather is at homepresent.‘2. Machi mai.
‗The boy is at homepresent.‘3. Mu chi.
‗The grandmother is at homepresent.‘4. Pun chi.
‗The girl is at homepresent.‘ According to tradition, this distinction stems from the ancient times when a man always received guests while lying in his hammock mai, while women were seated on benches chi to receive guests. 2 Position in focus with reference to people Although by far the most common use of positional verbs for men and women is mai and chi, respectively, occasionally the situation demands that another one be used. If, in the mind of the speaker, the position of the person is in focus, the construction parallels the SpanishEnglish construction lying, sitting, standingleaning, hangingsuspended, or ―on all fours.‖ It is helpful to be aware of some examples of situations in which a position is in focus and, consequently, a positional verb other than maichi is used. Situation 1 A man has been sick and lying in his hammock for days. A visitor comes to call. The sick man is feeling a little better and is even sitting up on a bench. The fact that the man is sitting is very important to the visitor because he had not expected that turn of events. The person responding to the visitor ‘s opening remarks might say: Tad chi. ‗The elder one is sitting.‘ Situation 2 A woman is very sick and lying in a hammock. The important information is that the woman is so sick she is lying down. Relatives may say to visitors: Nan mai. ‗Mother is lying down.‘ 3 Temporary presence If the presence of a man is temporary, the positional verb chi may be used. Examples1. Machi chi.
‗The boy is here temporarily.‘2. An machered neggin chi.
‗My husband is temporarily in the house.‘ 4 Positional verb mai referring to a person ‟s status Mai is used in speaking of a person ‘s status or position in the community. To form the status construction, the suffix -ga is added to the status position. Examples1. Pedro saglaga mai.
‗Peter is the chief.‘2. Alvaro tummadga mai.
‗Alvaro is the leader.‘ 5 Positional verb nai referring to allegiance Nai is used to show allegiance of one person to another. The suffix -bal is added to the name of the person to whom allegiance is shown. Examples 1. Pedro anbal nai. ‗Peter is for me.‘2. Juan, Luisbal nai.
‗John is for Louis.‘Parts
» LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ulu Pronunciation of individual vowel and lenis consonant sounds
» Mai versus chi Use of personal pronouns The first and second person personal pronouns an
» Dialogue Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation of individual fortis consonant sounds Ex. 4 –8
» Vowel length Ex. 9 Pronunciation
» Distinguishing between fortis and lenis consonants Ex. 10 –27
» Consonant clusters Ex. 28 Pronunciation
» Word order Ex. 29 –30 Grammar
» Intonation patterns of questions and answers Ex. 4 –10
» tada Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» kobe Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» chobe Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» sagla Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» mama Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» nana Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» lele Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word
» Pronunciation of monosyllabic words Ex. 11
» Dialogue Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Intransitive sentence word order
» Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation of consonants at the end of words Ex. 3
» zhw is pronounced like su in
» mw does not occur in English, but there should be no difficulty in producing this sound.
» kw is pronounced almost like cu in cuarto
» gw is pronounced almost like gu in agua
» tw is pronounced almost like tu in santuario
» dw is pronounced almost like du in Eduardo
» chw is pronounced almost like chu in tachuela
» Verb tense in completive aspect Verb form in completive aspect Ex. 8 –10
» Confirmation please repeat questions
» Dialogue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Conversation Listing Pronunciation and Intonation Ex. 1 –4
» aktigal kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» tagar kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» karta kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» nalas kagan kabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» achu walanerkwa Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kukualed walaatal Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» mas walbake walabake Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» puwal walpá walapá Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» mas walakugle Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kallin kwabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» kwi kwakugle Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» Tad kwagwenna chi. Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» ulgo matabo Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» wini matabake Numbers Ex. 5 –15
» Culture sabured koanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kachi koakugle LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» yogal koapabak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» mol koaambe LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chan koanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chowal chaglanerkwa LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» chia chaglakugle LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kunnu chaglapabak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ogob chaglabakebak LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Listing Things and events in Kuna are listed in their long form, and the conjunction tegine
» Conversational intonation Ex. 1 –2 Disclaimer nothing-special-is-happening response Ex. 3
» Pointing Counting with fingers
» Eswal mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Aktigal mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Karpa chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Nalas chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kan chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pude chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Esmed chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kachi nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Kukualed nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Choul nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Nuzha ampa nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Yannu ampa nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pagla kwichi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Achu wegin un. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mol pukwa. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Machi mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Mu chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pun chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Machi chi. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Pedro saglaga mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Alvaro tummadga mai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Juan, Luisbal nai. Positional verbs Ex. 4 –5
» Present progressive tense-aspect Ex. 6 –9
» Dialogue Mimmi kabzhi. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Wag kabgwis. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Disclaimer nothing-special-is-happening response Ex. 10
» Unit price intonation pattern Ex. 4 –5
» Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» tagar kukbo Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» tagar kukukugle Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Kaie negchaled tanpá. Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Nagwal tananerkwa. Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Illustrated comparisons of Group I and Group III number prefixes
» Money units Ostigid libergwen.
» Mol tarpabak. maniatal Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» olmanitulagwen kakaambe Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» tummibo pirkaambe Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» ni walanerkwa Numbers Ex. 6 –19
» Response by repetition Pronunciation and Intonation
» Yielding-the-floor response Ex. 1 –4 Pronunciation and Intonation
» Aspects of topographical features
» Locative adverbs Adverbs of location which usually occur without a stated reference point
» Pronunciation: Tracking and Mimicry Ex. 1 –3
» Word order of a noun phrase Ex. 4 –5
» cheredzhuli nuedzhuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kollojuli totojuli tummajuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» muiduli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» istarchuli LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» arradzhaled chiayob Colors Ex. 7 –10
» Attributive sentence Ex. 11 –14 olobijuli
» Existence sentence Ex. 15 olobijuli
» Quantity 39 –42 Useful expressions 43 –45 Vocabulary
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –3 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Nan mas tune. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Nan mas tuo. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Eswal ilagin kwichio. Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7
» Including an additional participant in an action Ex. 8 –9
» An machiga chogzha. Indirect object Ex. 14
» Pronunciation: Intonation of Conversation Sustainers Ex. 1 –3
» Establishment of topic Ex. 4
» Sustaining the topic Grammar
» Pan an ne. ‗I am going tomorrow.‘
» An pedu ne. ‗I‘m going to go on ahead of you.‘
» An pe cholbal ne. ‗I‘m going to go after you.‘
» Mas kunnoedgin iti ina kobo.
» An kinki elisgu an immal aminad.
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –2 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Extended use of -gad-kad -gad-kad is used in the sense of
» tulegan Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18
» yannumal Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18
» omemal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» nanmal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» nanzhelmal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» ¿Igi kude? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kunani? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kudi? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi kus? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi an kuo? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» ¿Igi ankin kuo? Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» Teob kus. Verb ku ‘to happenbecome’
» Tegin tar mecha. ‗Then he killed it.‘
» Change-of-topic marker te choggudina Te
» Te ulal pe anka akan pid pakena That’s exactly why you have to buy me another one.‘
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –4 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Preparatory aspect –chogal-zhogal-jogal Ex. 7–8
» Habitual aspect condition Ex. 9 –10
» Response to the habitual aspect condition Ex. 11
» Purpose suffix -gal-kal Ex. 13 –15
» turwigal LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pedro saglaje ekisbi. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» An saglaga pegin chogzha. ‗I told the chief about you.‘
» An saglaga pebal chogzha. ‗I told the chief what you said.‘
» An saglaje pegin ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about you in general, How are
» Direct speech An saglaje pebal ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about what you said.‘
» Verbs of thinking An saglaje pebal ekichis. ‗I asked the chief about what you said.‘
» Exclusive action adverb unila ‘only’ Ex. 28
» Vocabulary Dialogue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Intonation of commands Ex.1 –2
» Very polite commands ¡Kwiskuma ‗I told you to stand up‘
» Indirect command The word meke
» Pemal, anche tagmalo. Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21
» Pemal, wis negwelmalo. Commands: DirectPolite Ex. 3 –21
» Uadin, toto chul. Negatives Ex. 22 –30
» Culture Ampayo. ‗Not yet.‘ Vocabulary
» ¡Tage Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye. Natab. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Tago, tegil. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Pe nao. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, an natab. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Pan, pe tagbalo. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» An tanibal. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos anche tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, peje natap. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos peje ne. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Eye, anche tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» Carlos anmalzhe tani. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13
» An pirkal tani. ‗I‘ve come but not to stay.‘
» An meg tani. ‗I‘ve come to overnight.‘
» Story-telling intonation Ex. 1 –3 Pronunciation
» Good story-telling style Pronunciation
» Dialogue Toas, an imas. ‗Bang I shot it.‘
» ¡Motok Mer-mer-mer-mer pes. ‗Thud His wings went whir-whir-whir-whir.‘
» Ul tummad noni; ul chichidi. ‗A big canoe arrived; a black canoe.‘
» Peripheral element omitted in the main clause and unexpanded in the postpredicate position
» An mol ukcha; nanga. ‗I gave the cloth to Mother.‘
» An ne; mutik. ‗I am going tonight.‘
» Koe un; chapurbal. ‗A deer is in the jungle.‘
» An ne; negzhe. ‗I am going to go home.‘
» Machi ne; kueye-kueye. ‗The boy is going to go quickly.‘
» Machi ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave the fish to Mother.‘
» Machi nanga ua ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave Mother the fish.‘
» Machi achu parpad mecha; achu tummadi.
» Culture Vocabulary LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» kobed LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Positional verb of motion Ex. 6 In Lesson 6, the positional verbs mai
» Mas chike. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Chapurbal ne; antin. ‗I am going to the jungle.‘
» Nad; Luisdin. ‗Louis, went.‘
» Monologue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Machergandin nabir we tak. ‗The men are allowed to look at that.‘
» Tegin antin kannan negzhe nadzhun. ‗Consequently I went back home.‘
» odurta okun ogob LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Melle neg chobgal machi imako.
» Machi chikles. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» Koe makles. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» We nugu kullege. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13
» An obap. Habitual behavior aspect
» Ome mas chuap. Habitual behavior aspect
» An tulemalzhe ekisap. Habitual behavior aspect
» Folktale LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pronunciation Ex. 1 –4 Culture LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Pablo te mecha. ‗Paul killed it that same one.‘
» An te ukcha. ‗I sold it that same one.‘
» Amal. Indefinite and indeterminate pronouns .1 Indefinite pronouns
» General principles used in construction of more common contrary-to-fact sentences
» Machi eswal tub nikujalen, ua chwajan.
» An Payche arpiilen, Luis takchan. An neelen, an wartikuoen.
» An motor pin nikalen, an Panamaje naoen
» Machi toto kammaiilen, tadbak nadzhulin
» Mol webal naiilen, wartikunen.
» Wishing optative An mol pakneelen, an pega pakmogoen.
» ¿Piawa? ‗Where could it possibly be?‘
» ¿Inkwawa? ‗When could it possibly happen?‘
» ¿Ibiwa? ‗What‘s wrong? Lit.: What possibly?‘
» A yannudin igalgin mellemai. ‗That peccary was sprawled out on the trail.‘ Vocabulary
» Long forms LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Tegine makchabal. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» e., not: words LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Reason LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Problem Speaking only Kuna will increase cultural stress.
» The necessity of setting a limit to the exceptions
» Opportunities LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Methods LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Noting the setting LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Gestures Note the accompanying gestures and facial expressions.
» Language learning expressions LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Eliciting information138 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Correcting It is important that the people correct you all the time. Now this is hard to do.
» Keep going LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Evaluate yourself LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Living LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Time LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna
» Planning your contacts with people
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