tulegan Concept of pluralization Ex. 6 –18

164 Communicating Community Togetherness 4. amma ‗aunt‘ 5. kil ‗uncle‘ Exercise 6 . Status class suffix -gan-kan frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Tummagan noni. Student: Tummagan noni. 1. Tummagan noni. ‗The big ones chiefs arrived.‘ 2. Tadgan teob chogzha. ‗The elders said this.‘ 3. Nuskan tanimo. ‗The children are coming too.‘ 4. Machergan arpane. ‗The men are going to work.‘ 5. Omegan neg turwine. ‗The women are going to sweep the village.‘ Exercise 7 . Status class suffix -gan-kan substitute frame drill The teacher repeats the frame and selects any word from the list below and says it. The student then substitutes the word in the frame. Examples Teacher: Tulegan noni. Teacher: pab Student: Pabgan noni. Teacher: Pabgan noni. Teacher: machered Student: Machergan noni. Frame ____ noni. ‗The ____ arrived.‘ 1. tule ‗personKuna‘ 2. tummad ‗the big one chief‘ 3. tol ‗inhabitant‘ 4. tad ‗grandfather‘ 2 Group marker - mala The suffix -mala added to a noun groups several individuals people or things. This construction parallels the English construction ―a group of ...‖ and may be used with nouns referring to people, animals, birds or things. As in English, the grouping of individual peoplethings by use of the -mala construction is not a permanent grouping, but for some reason the members included in the group are associated in a particular situation. Examples 1. machimal ‗group of boys‘ This is used for a ―group of boys‖ in contrast to ―all the boys.‖

2. yannumal

‗a herd of peccaries‘ A group can be referred to by their spokesman + -mal. Example Pedromal ‗Peter and the others i.e., Peter and those included with him‘ When the suffix -mala is used with certain classes of people, an idiomatic derogatory meaning is communicated. 13.4 Grammar 165 Example Pabmal keg pega chunmake. In annoyance: ‗Your parents haven‘t taught you any manners.‘ Other words which have a derogatory connotation 70 when used in conjunction with -mala are: 1a. ome ‗woman‘

b. omemal

‗women‘ 2a. nan ‗mother‘

b. nanmal

‗mothers‘ 3a. nanzhel ‗grandma‘

b. nanzhelmal

‗grandmothers‘ 4a. pabzhel ‗grandfather‘

b. pabzhelmal

‗grandfathers‘ Exercise 8 . Group marker -mala frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times as a group and with individual students. Example Teacher: Tulemal noni. Student: Tulemal noni. 1. Tulemal noni. ‗A group of Kunas arrived.‘ 2. Wagmal kallin pakcha. ‗A group of outsiders bought a chicken.‘ 3. Machimal tagar chwas. ‗A group of young men gathered thatch.‘ 4. Punamal madun ogobzha; tulemalga. ‗A group of girls gave chicha to a group of people to drink.‘ 5. Tulemal nos. ‗A group of people have stopped left off working.‘ Exercise 9 . Group marker -mala drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it, changing the subject to the -mala form. Example Teacher: Tule noni. Student: Tulemal noni. 1. Tule noni. ‗People arrived.‘ 2. Machi yannu amine. ‗The young man is going to hunt peccary.‘ 3. Achu mutik kolmas. ‗The dog barked last night.‘ 4. An nade. ‗I left.‘ 5. Chikwi ob mas. ‗The bird ate pecked the corn.‘ 3 Position of inclusion markers The suffixes -mala and -gan-kan attach to the noun stem. All other noun suffixes follow these suffixes. 4 Use of -gan-kan versus -mal Any of the words which take -gan-kan can also take -mala. The question arises, ―When do I choose -gan-kan and when do I choose -mala? ‖ a -gan-kan is used to refer to a class of people who are proficient in a certain area, or who have reached a particular social status. Example Machergan ormanemal. ‗The men are going to meet.‘ 70 When the words omemal ‗female‘ and machermal ‗male‘ are used to refer to the sex of animals andor birds, they do not have a derogatory connotation. For example, yannu omemal ‗peccary sows‘ and kallin machermal ‗roosters‘.