Pemal, wis negzhe nemalo.

15.4 Grammar 203 Exercise 17 . Exclusive strong command frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: ¡Pemal, negzhe nemal Student: ¡Pemal, negzhe nemal 1. ¡Pemal, negzhe nemal ‗You all, go home‘ 2. ¡Pemal, saglaga chogmal ‗You all, tell the chief‘ 3. ¡Pemal, ormanegzhe chedmal ‗You all, take them to the meeting house‘ 4. ¡Pemal, aknirmal ‗You all, move back‘ 5. ¡Pemal, saglaga itomal ‗You all, listen to the chief‘ Exercise 18 . Inclusive strong command form The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: ¡Nemal Student: ¡Nemal 1. ¡Nemal ‗Let‘s go‘ 2. ¡Aknirmal ‗Let‘s get out of the way‘ 3. ¡Saglaga itomal ‗Let‘s listen to the chief‘ 4. ¡Ormaked negzhe chedmal ‗Let‘s take them to the meeting house‘ 5. ¡Neg elimal ‗Let‘s clean the town‘ Exercise 19 . Inclusive polite command frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Nemalo. Student: Nemalo. 1. Nemalo. ‗Let‘s go.‘ 2. Aptamalo. ‗Let‘s wait.‘ 3. Arbamalo. ‗Let‘s work.‘ 4. Itomalo. ‗Let‘s listen.‘ 5. Aknirmalo. ‗Let‘s get out of the way.‘ 15.4.1.6 Negative commands In Kuna, negative commands are given by either the use of a negative command word or by using melle ‗don‘t‘ before any command form. 1 Negative command words There are several words in Kuna which may be used in isolation and which are strong negative commands. These negative command words are used in the same situations as their EnglishSpanish counterparts. Examples 1. ¡Melle ‗Don‘t‘ 2. ¡Mellema ‗Don‘t, I said‘ 3. ¡Kusma ‗Stop it‘ 4. ¡Ogus ‗That‘s enough‘ 2 Negative commands Any command may be made negative by placing the word melle ‗don‘t‘ before the command. 204 Commands Examples 1. ¡Melle tag ‗Don’t come‘ 2. Melle negzhe nao. ‗Please don’t go home.‘ 3. Melle wis negwelo. ‗Be so kind as not to go.‘ Exercise 20 . Melle negative command frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Melle nao. Student: Melle nao. 1. Melle nao. ‗Don‘t go.‘ 2. Melle chogo. ‗Don‘t tell anyone.‘ 3. Melle kobo. ‗Don‘t drink it.‘ 4. ¡Melle po ‗Don‘t cry‘ 5. ¡Melle ebu ‗Don‘t touch‘ Exercise 21 . Negative command stimulus response drill The teacher selects a command from those listed below and says it. The student gives the negative form of the command in reply. Example Teacher: Negzhe nao. Student: Melle negzhe nao. 1. Negzhe nao. ‗Please go home.‘ 2. Ina kobo. ‗Please take the medicine.‘ 3. Anka chogo. ‗Please tell me.‘ 4. Machiga uko. ‗Please give it to the boy.‘ 5. Mani chabo-o. ‗Please put away the money.‘

15.4.2 Negatives Ex. 22 –30

The basic and most common negative word in Kuna is chulchuli ‗no‘ see 3.4.1.. This word may also be used as a negative suffix -chul-zhul-jul 94 attached to certain words, phrases or sentences. There are also other negative words which are used in certain situations.

15.4.2.1 Basic negative word chuli „no‟

The basic negative word chulichul ‗no‘ may be used alone as a negative exclamation, or it may be used within a sentence. Chulichul ‗no‘ is used to respond negatively to a question asked, or a statement made to negate a fact or action mentioned in thea previous sentence, or to negate a certain adverb or adjective used in athe previous sentence. 1 Forms of the basic negative word chuli „no‟ When used alone, the basic negative word chuli ‗no‘ may occur in one of three forms: a Chul ‗no‘ Chul ‗no‘ is the most common form of the basic negative word. It is used in response to a question which requires a negative answer. In other words, it is used to deny that the action in the question is going to take place. 94 -chul follows fortis consonants, -zhul follows lenis consonants, and -jul follows vowels. 15.4 Grammar 205 Examples 1. ¿Pe ne? ‗Are you going?‘ 2. Chul. ‗No.‘ b Chuli ‗no‘ Chuli ‗no‘ is a more emphatic form of the basic negative word and is used as a more emphatic denial in response to the same situations for which you would reply with chul ‗no‘. Examples 1. ¿Pedro Pucurche ne? ‗Is Peter going to Pucuro?‘ 2. ¡Chuli ‗No‘ c Chula ‗no‘ Chula ‗no‘ is a very rare form of the basic negative word. It is used in reference to an action of the past and parallels the English construction, ―never, not a chance.‖ It is often used as a response to consistent teasing or persistent accusation and gives the response the flavor of ―not only is that not true, it never was true either ‖ Examples 1. ¡An akande, pedin tar chus ‗You took my axe‘ 2. ¡Chula ‗No I did nothing of the kind‘ 2 Basic negative word used in a sentence Any form of the basic negative word chulchulichula ‗no‘ may be used in a sentence to deny that an adverb or adjective used in thea previous sentence is valid. In this construction, the sentence is reiterated. The subject must be emphasized by the addition of the topic marking suffix -din-tin or by the use of the demonstrative adjective we ‗that‘. A form of the word chulchulichula is used at the end of the sentence to negate the adjectiveadverb. Examples 1. Uade, totó. ‗The fish is small.‘

2. Uadin, toto chul.

95 ‗The fish is not small.‘ or We ua, toto chul. ‗That fish is not small.‘ Exercise 22 . Chul ‗no‘ denial stimulus-response drill The teacher selects a sentence and says it. The student replies denying the statement. Examples Teacher: Uade, totó. Student: Uadin, toto chul. 1. Uade, totó. ‗That fish is small.‘ 2. Molde, muis. ‗That cloth is cheap.‘ 3. Manide, unni. ‗That money is enough.‘ 4. Akande, nued. ‗That axe is good.‘ 5. Ulde, tummad. ‗That canoe is big.‘ 15.4.2.2 Basic negative suffix -chuli-zhuli-juli The basic negative suffix -chuli-zhuli-juli may be added to certain words in order to negate the word itself or it may be used to negate an entire sentence. 95 This construction is the negation of the adjective and does not carry the antithetic connotation of the suffixed word see 9.4.2.3.