An te ukcha. ‗I sold it that same one.‘

20.4 Grammar 275 Example Anita , achu kucha. ‗Anita was bitten by the dog.‘ 20.4.1.2 Pronominal reference In Kuna, a third-person pronoun can only be used once or twice before the noun to which the pronoun refers must be repeated. Where ambiguity could arise, the noun is preceded by te ‗that same‘ to ensure that the listener realizes the reference is to the same personobject as before. Example Ome noni. Te omedina, Luis e nan itos. ‗A woman arrived. That same woman is Louis‘ mother you understand.‘ 20.4.1.3 Subject in indirect speech In indirect speech, the person being quoted is referred to by the pronoun ede or e plus the appropriate suffix. The suffix -chog-zhog-jog attaches to the verb which describes the action of the person under discussion see 15.4.3. Examples 1. Ede nejog. ‗He said that he is going.‘ 2. Sagla chog Pedro, ede nejog. ‗The chief said that Peter was going.‘

20.4.2 First-person exclusive subject pronoun The first-person exclusive pronoun nan

121 is used by the speaker to refer to himself and those accompanying him in an action, but to exclude the peopleperson to whom he is speaking. When the addressee is included, the suffix -mal is added to the first-person pronoun an. Examples

1. Nanmal pato mas kucha.

‗We not you already ate the food.‘

2. Anmal pato mas kucha.

‗We including you already ate the food.‘

20.4.3 Demonstratives

Demonstratives are used to point out a personthing to whomwhich the speaker is referring, in a manner similar to the English demonstratives ―this‖ and ―that.‖ In Kuna, they may be used in isolation as pronouns or as adjectives preceding the noun to which they refer; or they may be suffixed and function as adverbs. They have a restricted use in discourse situations. There are four demonstrative pronouns in Kuna: iti, we, a and te. Iti ‗this‘ and we ‗that‘ are used to refer to peoplethings that are within seeing distance of the speaker in the speaker ‘s presence, a ‗that‘ refers to a personthing outside the speaker ‘s setting presence, and te ‗that same‘ is used to reinforce a back reference and confirm that the same personobject is being referred to as was previously mentioned. The demonstratives frequently occur at the beginning of a sentence, since the item they refer to is often topic. Examples 1. Iti mol an pakne. ‗I am going to buy this blouse which is right here.‘ 2. We mol an pakchul. ‗I won‘t buy that blouse over there.‘ 3. A tule odurtalegenab. ‗That person who is not here should be punished.‘ 4. ... ¿Ibi nika tede? ‗... What‘s wrong with that person about whom we have been talking?‘ 5. Pe iti uko. ‗Sell this.‘ 121 The final n of nan is fortis nn but is written as a single letter by convention see 2.2.3.4 footnote 8. 276 Classifications

20.4.3.1 Demonstrative adjectives

A demonstrative used as an adjective precedes the noun to which it refers. Often this personitem is not only topic, but is also being singled out or contrasted with another. In this case, the noun is suffixed with the topic marker -tin-din see Appendix E. Examples 1. Iti moldin nued. ‗This blouse is good.‘ 2. We esdin nugal nika. ‗This machete is sharp.‘ 3. Pe we tulega chogo. ‗Tell that person over there.‘ 20.4.3.2 Demonstrative adverbs The locative suffixes -gin-kin and -bal-pal see Section 8.4 may be attached to any of the demonstrative pronouns to give the connotation of a narrow or broad setting adverb. Examples 1. Es itigin mellemai. ‗The machete is lying around right here.‘ 2. Es wegin mellemai. ‗The machete is lying around right over there.‘ 3. Es webal mellemai. ‗The machete is lying around somewhere over there.‘ 20.4.3.3 Forward and backward reference to demonstration The suffix -ob 122 may be added to the demonstrative pronouns we ‗that‘ and te ‗that same‘ to express a concept similar to the English ―like that‖ or ―in that manner‖. Weob ‗like this‘ is used to refer forward to what is going to be said or demonstrated, or to what has just been demonstrated. Teob ‗like that‘ is used to refer backwards to what was said. Examples 1. Weob be imako. ‗Do it like this.‘ 2. Teob be imako. ‗Do it like that as I told you.‘ 20.4.3.4 Specific use of we and a in discourse During a conversation or speech, that is to say, in discourse and in a written text, the demonstrative pronoun we ‗that‘ is used as an adjective before the noun plus suffix -din-tin to refer to the topic under discussion. Non-topic peoplethings are referred to by the demonstrative pronoun a ‗that‘ before the noun. Te ‗that same‘ is used to refer to a previously mentioned non-topic item where ambiguity might arise from the use of several successive third-person pronouns. In such cases, the listener might understand the speaker to be introducing other actorsobjects into the story. Examples 1. We tuledin, tule nued. ‗That person about whom we are speaking is a good person.‘ 2a. Machidin yannu takcha. ‗The boy saw a peccary.‘

b. A yannudin igalgin mellemai. ‗That peccary was sprawled out on the trail.‘

c. Te yannudin purkwis, takcha. ‗That same peccary was dead, you see.‘

20.4.4 Indefinite and indeterminate pronouns 20.4.4.1 Indefinite pronouns The third-person pronoun amal ‗they‘ see 1.4.2 and 8 4.3 may be used to refer to unknown or unspecified people. 122 -obi is a contracted form of -yobi ‗like‘ see 19.4.12.3.