Word order of a noun phrase Ex. 4 –5

9.4 Grammar 105 9.4.1.3 Noun modified by another noun One noun may be used to modify another noun when it is necessary to talk about a specific part of a whole object. In this case, the whole object precedes the part of the object. Examples 1. kallin nono ‗chicken head‘ 2. ti nak ‗river mouth‘ Sometimes one noun is used to modify the meaning of the other noun. In this case the modifying noun comes first. Examples 1. ormaked neg ‗meeting house‘ 2. ulmol ul ‗sail boat‘ 3. nono kal ‗skull bone‘ Exercise 4 . Noun phrase varied substitution drill The teacher says the frame and then a word from the list below. The student repeats the frame, inserting the adjective said by the teacher. Examples Teacher: Machi ul tummad takcha. Teacher: pin Student: Machi ul pin takcha. Teacher: Machi ul pin takcha. Teacher: olobi Student: Machi ul olobi takcha. Frame Machi ul ____ takcha. ‗The boy saw ____ canoe.‘ 1. tummad ‗big‘ 2. toto ‗small‘ 3. pin ‗new‘ 4. chered ‗old‘ 5. olobi ‗empty‘ 6. ena ‗full‘ 7. nued ‗good‘ 8. istar ‗bad‘ 9. karki ‗expensive‘ 10. muis ‗inexpensive‘ Exercise 5 . Noun phrase suffix drill The teacher says Sentence 1 in which the suffix is attached to the noun. The teacher then says the adjective. The student responds by inserting the adjective with the proper suffix into the sentence. The drill should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Es ulgin mai. Teacher: toto Student: Es ul totogin mai. 1a. Es ulgin mai. ‗The machete is in the canoe.‘ b. toto ‗small‘ 2a. Es mesagin mai. ‗The machete is on the table.‘ b. kinnid ‗red‘ 3a. Pundin nad. ‗The girl on the one hand went.‘ b. tummad ‗big‘ 106 Basic HealthMedical Discussion 4a. Machidin pes. ‗The boy on the other hand stayed.‘ b. toto ‗little‘ 5a. Machi yalbal nad. ‗The boy went to the mountain.‘ b. tummad ‗big‘ 9.4.1.4 Limitation of the noun phrase In general, a Kuna noun phrase may contain only one adjective. A means of modifying a noun with more than one adjective is discussed in 9.4.4.3 There is, however, an exception. Occasionally, a noun and adjective are so closely associated in the mind of the speaker that they are considered one concept. Take, for example, the English words ―pink eye.‖ Although the phrase ―pink eye‖ is made up of two words, actually only one idea, a type of disease, is communicated. The Kuna words tule tummad ‗leader‘ are an example of two words conveying one concept. A noun phrase which contains two words but one concept may be further modified by a number. Example Tule tummad walpá nad. ‗The three leaders went.‘

9.4.2 Negation of adjectives Ex. 6

Although most negated adjectives function as do negated adjectives in English and Spanish, there is an idiomatic use of the negated adjective which is unique in Kuna discussed below in 2. With few exceptions, the negation of an adjective varies according to whether the adjective ends in a vowel or a consonant. 9.4.2.1 Formation of negated adjectives Negated adjectives are formed by the use of the negative suffix: -chuli-zhuli-juli. 1 Negation of adjectives ending in a consonant Adjectives that end in a consonant are negated by use of the negative forms -chuli-zhuli following the adjective. Examples 1a. chered ‗old‘

b. cheredzhuli

‗not old‘ 2a. nued ‗good‘

b. nuedzhuli

‗not good‘ 2 Negation of adjectives ending in a vowel Adjectives that end in a vowel are negated by the addition of -juli to the adjective. Examples 1a. kollo ‗ripe‘

b. kollojuli

‗not ripe‘ 2a. toto ‗small‘

b. totojuli

‗not small‘ 3 Exception in negated adjective formation Two common exceptions in the formation of negated adjectives ending in a consonant involve the words tummad ‗big‘ and muis ‗cheap‘. In the case of the former, the consonant is dropped and the negative suffix -juli is added to the adjective. In the case of the latter, s + ch becomes d. Examples 1a. tummadtummadi ‗big‘

b. tummajuli

‗not big‘ 9.4 Grammar 107 2a. muis ‗inexpensive‘

b. muiduli

‗not inexpensive‘ 9.4.2.2 Common significance of negated adjectives The most common meaning of a negated adjective is similar to the meaning of the negated adjective in EnglishSpanish. Examples 1a. istar ‗bad‘

b. istarchuli

‗not bad‘ 2a. olobi ‗empty‘

b. olobijuli

‗not empty‘ When it has this meaning, the first syllable of the negative suffix tends to be stressed. Example olobijúli ‗not empty‘

9.4.2.3 Idiomatic use of negated adjectives

Sometimes the use of a negated adjective does more than simply negate an attribute. When a person chooses to use the negated form of certain adjectives in preference to an existing antonym, a very intense antithesis is communicated. In this case, the use of the negated adjective completely eliminates any characteristic of the concept negated. Examples 1. iche ‗a little‘

2. ichejuli

‗not a little a lot‘ In this construction, the syllable preceding the negative suffix tends to be stressed. Example ichéjuli ‗not a little a lot‘ The intensification of antithesis is a phenomenon which occurs only with certain adjectives. Some adjectives that are used to intensify antithesis are in the following list. Examples Direct Translation Idiomatic Significance 1. totojuli ‗not small‘ ‗big‘ 2. purwijuli ‗not tiny‘ ‗large‘ 3. tutujuli ‗not soft‘ ‗hard‘ 4. tinnajuli ‗not dry‘ ‗dampwet‘ 5. karkijuli ‗not expensive‘ ‗inexpensive‘ 6. muiduli ‗not cheap‘ ‗expensive‘ 7. ichejuli ‗not a little‘ ‗a lot‘ 8. tikajuli ‗not nearby‘ ‗far away‘ Exercise 6 . Negated adjective drill The teacher says Sentence 1. The student responds by repeating the modified noun with the negated form of the adjective and omitting the verb used in Sentence 1. The succeeding sentences are drilled in a similar fashion. Examples Teacher: Ul toto nai. Student: Ul totojuli. Teacher: Win purwi pukwa. Student: Win purwijuli. 1. Ul toto nai. ‗A small boat is there.‘ 2. Win purwi pukwa. ‗Tiny beads are sitting there.‘