Response to the habitual aspect condition Ex. 11

14.4 Grammar 179 Examples 1. An ai yegualil, an tigujal ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I usually administer medicine.‘ 2. An ai yegualil, an impagin ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I often administer medicine.‘ 3. An ai yegualil, an impakwa ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I occasionally administer medicine.‘

14.4.4.2 Regular response to habitual aspect condition Ex. 11

When the response to the habitual aspect condition is regular, the nominalized form of the verb stem in the conditional clause is followed by the appropriate adverbs. The shape of the adverb with the exception of ―every time ‖ varies according to the appropriate number stem used. For example, ilbal ‗every time‘, il-ilbogin ‗every second other time ‘, and il-ilpagin ‗every third time‘. Examples 1. An ai yegued ilbal, an ina che. ‗Every time my friend gets sick, I administer medicine.‘ 2. An machi uged il-ilbogin, nono pirpirma. ‗Every other time my son has a fever, he gets dizzy lit.: his head wanders.‘ Exercise 11 . Habitual aspect condition drill The teacher selects a sentence below and says it. The student substitutes the sentence in the frame. Example Teacher: Machered mas emis. Student: Machered mas emijad ilbal, adin ukul nika. Frame ____-d ilbal, adin ukul nika. ‗Every time ____, heshe is hungrythirsty.‘ 1. Machered mas emis. ‗The man cleared the plantains.‘ 2. Machi ua makti. ‗The boy speared fish.‘ 3. Pun mas tus. ‗The girl cooked food.‘ 4. Ome neg turwis. ‗The woman swept the house.‘ 5. Tad neg chobzha. ‗The elder builtworked on a house.‘

14.4.5 Conditional with –le Ex. 12

A conditional sentence parallels the English construction ―If..., then....‖ It is constructed by adding the suffix -le to the long form of the verb stem or to the suffixed verb in the conditional clause. This construction is used when the speaker is uncertain whether or not a condition will be fulfilled. Examples 1. An mol pakele, an pega uko. ‗If I buy cloth, I‘ll give it to you.‘ 2. Anmal yannu makmalale, anmal wis chan pega ukmogo. 78 ‗If we shoot a peccary, we will give you a little meat, too.‘ Exercise 12 . Conditional -le frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. Example Teacher: An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. Student: An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. 1. An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. ‗If I buy cloth, I‘ll buy red cloth.‘ 2. An ul ukele, an ul toto uko. ‗If I sell a canoe, I‘ll sell the small one.‘ 78 The indirect object pega occurs after the direct object chan in this example, in order to focus more attention on the one receiving the meat than on the meat itself. 180 Social Interaction 3. An mas tuele, an aros tuo. ‗If I cook food, I‘ll cook rice.‘ 4. An mas kunnele, an arri chan kunno. ‗If I eat food, I‘ll eat iguana meat.‘ 5. Pe chapurbal neele, an bebak nao. ‗If you go to the jungle, I‘ll go with you.‘

14.4.6 Purpose suffix -gal-kal Ex. 13 –15

The purposive suffix -gal-kal is added to the verb stem of a purpose clause in order to express the purpose for the action of the independent sentence. It may also be added to certain verbs to form a noun which serves as the tool with which to perform the action of the verb. There are three types of purpose clauses; a straightforward explanation of the purpose of the action in the main clause, a reference to the event that it is hoped will be precipitated by the action in the main clause, and a reference to the event which it is hoped will be prevented by the action in the main clause. 14.4.6.1 Purpose clause - explanation of action One type of purpose clause is formed by adding the purposive suffix -gal-kal to the verb stem of the purpose clause. This type of purpose construction is used to give a straightforward explanation of the purpose or desired goal of the action in the independent sentence. It parallels the English construction, ―He went shopping to buy shoes. ‖ In this construction, the focus is on the independent sentence. The speaker wishes to express one main idea, but adds the purpose construction to give additional background information. Hence, the purpose clause does not advance the listener to the next step in the storyexplanationargument, but rather gives the motive for the main action. Although a purpose clause may occur in the adverbial position in a sentence, it usually occurs at the end of a sentence in the postpredicate position see 17.4.1. Examples 1. Machimal ya akinai, ti ariogal. ‗The boys are digging a ditch hole, to let the water flow out.‘ 2a. Nandin mol makcha, manigin ukegal. ‗Mother sewed a blouse to sell for money.‘

b. Nandin manigin ukegal mol makcha.

‗Mother sewed the blouse to sell it for money.‘ When the subject andor object of the purpose clause is the same as that of the independent sentence, it is not repeated in the purpose clause. Example An mol pakcha, nanga ukegal. ‗I bought cloth for me to give it to Mother.‘ However, if the subject of the main clause becomes the indirect object of the purpose clause, it must be repeated with the suffix -ga-ka. Example An ina pakcha, nan anka madu chobgal. ‗I bought yeast, for Mother to make bread for me.‘ 14.4.6.2 Purpose clause - event precipitated by action of independent sentence Another type of purpose clause expresses the event which, it is hoped, will be precipitated by the action in the independent sentence. This clause begins with meke ‗in order that‘ and the purposive suffix -gal-kal is added to the verb. The purpose clause marked by meke ‗in order to‘ focusses more attention on the purpose than on the main action. It expresses the desired outcome or result as yet unfulfilled of the main action. It is part of the mainline information and advances the storyexplanationargument another step in the logical progression. The meke form of a purpose clause almost always occurs in the postpredicate position. Even though the subject may be the same in both clauses, it must be stated in both clauses.