Eye, peje natap. Motion verbs Ex. 5 –13

216 Retelling Detailed Accounts Example Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 are talking from a distance and a person approaches Speaker 2.

1. Carlos peje ne.

‗Charles is going to you.‘

2. Eye, anche tani.

‗Yes, he is coming to me.‘ If, on the other hand, the person is approaching the location where Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 are standing, both Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 use a form of the verb ―to come‖. This is similar to the English construction. Example Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 are talking and a person approaches the general location where Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 are standing.

1. Carlos anmalzhe tani.

‗Charles is coming toward us.‘

2. Eye, anmalzhe tani.

‗Yes, he is coming toward us.‘ 2 Reference point in narrative The perception of reference point of motion in the case of a narrative is somewhat different from the reference point in conversation. The material presented in the narrative may involve relating a tale from the past or predicting an event in the future. For purposes of this discussion, a narrative may be considered to be composed of various parts, much like the scenes of a play. There is an introduction, then various scenes, and finally, a conclusion. In discussing the view of reference point of motion in narrative, it is important to consider both third and first person narrative. a Reference point in first person narrative In the case of a first person narrative, as with English and Spanish, the reference point of the introduction and conclusion are always the present location of the speaker. However, as in EnglishSpanish, but differing from the situation of a Kuna conversation in which the reference point is fixed, the reference point of the various scenes in the play vary according to the speaker ‘s choice. They are not necessarily influenced by the speaker ‘s present position. He may choose a reference point of the intermediate scenes according to the scene he wishes to highlight. Following are some situational examples: Example Speaker 1 is in the city, telling of his trip from the village. While narrating the story of his trip, Speaker 1 views the introduction and conclusion of the narration in light of his present location and, therefore, refers to having left from the village and come to the city his present location. The reference point of the motion verbs in the other scenes reflects the speaker ‘s interpretation of events which happened along the way. He may, for example, choose as a reference point Dog River. Speaker 1 may talk about leaving or approaching Dog River. The reference point within the scenes of the story are not related to the speaker ‘s present position, but vary according to his choice of reference point. Example Speaker 1 is back in the village telling of a trip he made to the city. Again, as with English and Spanish, the reference point of motion of the introduction and conclusion is related to the present location of the speaker. The reference points of the intermediate scenes are determined by the choice of the speaker. b Reference point of third person narrative In the case of third person narrative the speaker is not involved in the motion, the reference point for the introduction, conclusion and intermediate scenes of the narrative may be the present location of the third party or it may be another location which the speaker considers to be the reference point of the scene. 16.4 Grammar 217 It should be noted that in the case of a conversation in which the speakers are talking about a third party, 101 the situation is basically a third person narrative in which the speaker is not involved in the motion. In this case, the speaker chooses the location of the third party at the time of the beginning of the motion as the reference point. Example Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 are talking about a person moving to Location X.

1. Carlos X-che ne.

‗Charles is going to X.‘

2. Eye, Carlos X-che ne.

‗Yes, Charles is going to X.‘ As in English and Spanish, the reference point of motion of Charles is considered by Speaker 1 and Speaker 2 to be Charles ‘ present location. Speaker 1‘s form of the verb ne ‗to go‘ is used to indicate that Charles is departing from the reference point.

16.4.1.2 Forms of ne ‘to go’ and tag ‘to come’

The verbs ne ‗to go‘ and tag ‗to come‘ are somewhat irregular in their form. The most common forms are listed below: verb form ne ‗to go‘ tag ‗to come‘ 1. immediate future aspect ne ‗going to go‘ taniko ‗going to come‘ 2. completed aspect nad e 102 ‗went‘ taniki ‗have come‘ 3. future aspect nao ‗will go‘ tago ‗will come‘ 4. progressive aspect natab ‗going‘ tani ‗coming‘ 5. desiderative nebi ‗want to go‘ tagbi ‗want to come‘ 6. obligatory nenab ‗haveought to go‘ tagenab ‗haveought to come‘ 7. strong command ¡Ne ‗Go‘ ¡Tage ‗Come‘ 8. polite command nao ‗please go‘ tago ‗please come‘ 9. command to a child nen ‗come baby talk‘ Following are some examples of useful ―to go‖ verbs: 1. ¿Inkwa pe ne? ‗When are you going to go?‘

2. Sagla chapurbal nad.

‗The chief has gone to the jungle.‘

3. Sagla pato nade.

‗The chief has already left.‘ 4. ¿Inkwa pe Panamabal nao? ‗When will you go to Panama?‘

5. An negzhe natab.

‗I‘m on my way home.‘

6. An pebak nebi.

‗I want to go with you.‘

7. An nenab.

‗I haveought to go.‘

8. ¡Negzhe ne

‗Go home‘

9. Pe wis negzhe nao.

‗Please go home.‘

10. ¡Mastad, nen

‗Little boy, come‘

11. Yannudin wakur nas.

‗The peccaries passed by here this morning.‘ Following are some examples of useful ―to come‖ verbs: 1. ¿Kukualedde, inkwa taniko? ‗When is the airplane going to come?‘ 2. ¿Inkwa taniki? ‗When did you come?‘

3. An wichul inkwa tagodewa.

‗I don‘t know whether he will come.‘

4. Wag tani.

‗Outsiders are coming.‘ 101 See 16.4.1.1 and 1. 102 nas parallels the English phrase ―passed by.‖