Change-of-topic marker te choggudina Te

13.4 Grammar 173 Examples 1. Jaime pe chogzhad ulgin nad. ‗Jim leftwent because of what you said.‘ 2. Jaime nad, pe chogzhad ulgin. ‗Jim leftwent because of what you said.‘ Sometimes the reason is given in one sentence and is followed by a sentence which gives the resultant action. This second sentence is introduced by either a ulgin ‗because of that‘ or te ulgin ‗because of that very thing‘. Examples 1a. Antin ye. ‗I am sick.‘

b. A ulgin an arpachuli.

74 ‗Because of that, I did not work.‘ 2a. Pe chogzha. ‗You told it.‘

b. Te ulgin an nejuli. ‗Because of that very thing, I am not going to go.‘

1 Extended use of ulgin Ulgin ‗because of‘ is also used to express the fault of someone or conversely, in a good sense, ‗by virtue of someone ‘. Examples 1. Motordin pe ulgin iskus. ‗It was your fault that the outboard motor broke.‘ 2. An pe ulgin abonoles. ‗I was rescued bybecause of you.‘ 2 Other similar constructions There are two other words which contrast with ulgin in some constructions: anal ‗in the place of‘ and nuggin ‗byin the authority ofname of‘. The three are contrasted in the following sentences. Examples 1. An poni nikad ulgin purkwene. 75 ‗I am going to die because of the disease I have.‘ 2. Pedro an anal neg kweburga immal paknao. ‗Peter will go in my place to buy things for the town.‘ 3. Antin sagla nuggin immal imako. ‗I will do it by the authority of the chief.‘ 13.4.5.9 Cause-effect construction ulal One event may be caused by another. This differs from reason in that the reason may have prompted or influenced the course of action, but it did not actually cause it or bring it about. Cause is marked by ulal ‗the cause of‘. It almost always occurs together with the appropriate demonstrative a or te. The cause sentence occurs first. The next sentence is introduced by a ulal ‗that is whythe cause of‘ or te ulal ‗that is exactly whythe cause of‘. Examples 1a. Telefono iskus. ‗The telephone is out of order.‘

b. A ulal keg an pebak chunma. ‗That is why I can‘t talk with you.‘

2a. Pedin wis chapidin akangin aglas. ‗You know that the tree fell on the axe. b. Te ulal pe anka akan pid pakenab. That’s exactly why you have to buy me another one.‘

13.4.5.10 Logical outcome

An event may be anticipated and a certain cause of action embarked on accordingly. In expressing this idea, the anticipated situation is given in one sentence. The subsequent action embarked on is introduced by al ‗this leadsled to‘. Examples 1. Pedro pe yartakojob. ‗Peter says he is going to deceivecheat you.‘

2. Al an iktual pega chogdani. ‗This led me to come and tell you beforehand.‘

74 arpas ‗worked‘ + chuli ‗not‘ = arpachuli ‗did not work‘. 75 For verb ending in -kwe, see Appendix H. 174 Communicating Community Togetherness

13.5 Vocabulary

1. turwa ‗trashgarbagerubbish‘ 2. mi ‗to throw outaway, to pourrun out‘ 3. tolgan ‗inhabitants‘ 4. tummagan ‗leaderschiefs‘ 5. tadgan ‗eldersforefathers‘ 6. mugan ‗respected older women‘ 7. pabgan ‗parents‘ 8. nangan ‗parents‘ 9. nuskan ‗children‘ 10. purwigan ‗childrenlittle ones‘ 11. wagwagan ‗grandchildrendescendants‘ 12. pato ‗already‘ 13. kilu ‗uncle‘ 14. turwie ‗to sweep‘ 15. orma ‗to have a town meeting‘ 16. mami plural of positional verb mai ‗to belie‘ 17. nani plural of positional verb nai ‗to behang‘ 18. pukwa plural of positional verb chii ‗to sit‘ and kwichii ‗to bestand‘ 19. sate ‗nonenothing‘ 20. yannu ‗peccary puerco monte‘ 21. ya ‗hole‘ 22. acha ‗honey‘ 23. imake ‗to doshoot‘ 24. chegar ‗matches‘ 25. ku ‗to behappen‘