Long forms LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

Appenxix A 291 Example An ul pakcha, ul tummadi. ‗I bought a canoe, the big canoe.‘ 7 Listing In general, for each item in a list the long form is used, except for the last item where the short form occurs if such exists see 5.4.2. Example Antin immal pakcha: mola, iko, tegine tub. ‗I bought some things: cloth, needles, and thread.‘ 8 Hesitation When a person hesitates, in order to recall a forgotten word or name, the long form of the word is used see 17.4.1.3 and 17.4.2.4. Example Antin iwen takcha, iwenna ... Pedro. ‗I saw what‘s-his-name, ah-ah-ah ... Peter.‘ 292 APPENDIX B: FINGER NOMENCLATURE Fingers are named as follows: 1. ko mimmi ‗little finger‘ 2. ko mimmi palid ‗ringfourth finger‘ 3. ko tummad ‗middle finger‘ 4. ko chowid ‗index finger‘ 5. ko nan ‗thumb‘ 293 APPENDIX C: COUNTING MONEY 1. manigwen ‗ .05¢‘ 2. manibo ‗ .10¢‘ 3. manipá ‗ .15¢‘ 4. manibake ‗ .20¢‘ 5. maniatal ‗ .25¢‘ 6. maninerkwa ‗ .30¢‘ 7. manikwakugle ‗ .35¢‘ 8. manikwapabak ‗ .40¢‘ 9. manikwabakebak ‗ .45¢‘ 10. tongwen ‗ .50¢‘ 11. tongwen eg manigwen ‗ .55¢‘ 12. tongwen eg manibo ‗ .60¢‘ 13. tongwen eg manipá ‗ .65¢‘ 14. tongwen eg manibake ‗ .70¢‘ 15. tongwen eg maniatal ‗ .75¢‘ 16. tongwen eg maninerkwa ‗ .80¢‘ 17. tongwen eg manikwakugle ‗ .85¢‘ 18. tongwen eg manikwapabak ‗ .90¢‘ 19. tongwen eg manikwabakebak ‗ .95¢‘ 20. karta kagwen ‗ 1.00‘ 21. karta kagwen eg manigwen ‗ 1.05‘ 22. karta kagwen eg tongwen eg manigwen ‗ 1.55‘ 23. karta katulagwen ‗ 20.00‘ 24. karta katulagwen eg manigwen ‗ 20.05‘ 25. karta katulaatal ‗100.00‘ 26. karta sientogwen ‗100.00‘ 294 APPENDIX D: TIME WORDS 1. neg polegu ‗pre-dawn‘ about 4 a.m. 2. neg oipos ‗dawn‘ about 5:30 a.m. 3. wakur ‗morning‘ about 7 –8 a.m. 4. tadabala ‗mid-morning‘ about 9 –10 a.m. 5. yorokudani ‗late morning‘ about 11 a.m. 6. yoroku ‗noon‘ 12 noon 7. tad akpinial ‗early afternoon‘ about 1 p.m. 8. tad nued akpid ‗mid-afternoon‘ about 3 p.m. 9. tad nued onad ‗late afternoon‘ about 5 p.m. 10. chedo ‗evening‘ about 7 p.m. 11. chedogwen ‗late evening‘ about 9 –10 p.m. 12. neggabgwen kudani ‗almost midnight‘ about 11 p.m. 13. neggabgwen ‗midnight‘ 12 midnight 14. neggabgwen akpinial ‗past midnight‘ about 1 a.m. 15. neggabgwen akpid ‗wee morning hours‘ about 2 –3 a.m. 295 APPENDIX E: TOPICS OF CONVERSATION

1. Establishing the topic

The suffix -de-te is used to establish or set the topic of a conversation. When a situation is obvious, two people can start talking about it without setting the topic of the conversation. For example, if a person arrives limping, the other person is likely to ask, ―What happened?‖ He does not need to say something like, ―Concerning your limping, ...‖ in order to get the conversation focused on the person‘s sore leg. The situation makes the nature of the opening question obvious. Often, however, a person wishes to start talking about something that is not obvious, or about a topic which has not been mentioned earlier in the conversation. Possibly he wishes to ask about someone who is not present. The person who is starting to talk about a new topic adds the suffix -de-te to the item or name of the person which is now in focus. Examples 1. ¿Pedrode, pia nad? ‗And concerning Peter, where did he go?‘ 2. ¿Masde, igi mani? ‗And concerning plantains, how much are they?‘ A common use of -de is in the greeting, tegidde ‗So what‘s new with you?‘ In this case, the topic is changed to the person who is arriving. The affected object suffix -ga-ka see 10.4.8 may be added to the -de-te form when appropriate. Example Antega, an weli. ‗As for me, I‘m happy.‘

2. Progression of topic

In conversation, a speaker generally moves from one aspect stage of a subject to another. For example, in selling, the salesman and buyer might first discuss the price. Once the price has been settled, he will move on to discuss the time the goods are to be delivered. The suffix -de-te serves to mark the point at which the conversation progresses from one point to the next point stage. The speaker often marks the end of one stage of the conversation by saying nabirde ‗okay‘. Nabirde ‗okay‘ is formed by adding the topic marker -de-te to the word nabir ‗fine‘. It is similar to the English expression, ―Fine. Now then about the ...‖. That is to say, -de-te is used to indicate that one part stage of the topic price has been handled, and we are now ready to discuss the next part of the arrangement time of delivery of the goods.

3. Allegation

The suffix -de-te may be used as an allegation, but it may not be used as an affirmation. Examples

1. Wag an es aturchasde.

‗The outsider stole allegation my machete.‘

2. Wag an es aturchado.

‗The outsider did steal affirmation my machete.‘

4. Complete change of topic

The suffix -din-tin is used to indicate a complete change of topic, for example, when the subject is changed from palu ‗salt‘ to ostigiddin ‗sugar‘ in Dialogue 7.1, sentence 7. The use of -din-tin is discussed in Section 3.4.5.

5. Conclusion

The suffix -do-to indicates the conclusion resolution of a conversation and is equivalent to the English expression, ―Let‘s go, then.‖ or to the Spanish expression, ―Vamos pues.‖ 296 Topics of Conversation Example Nemaldo. ‗Let‘s go, then.‘

6. Affirmation

The suffix -do-to is also used to affirm something. Example An wichuldo. ‗I do not know.‘

7. Word order

The normal word order in Kuna is subject + object + predicate. Example Omedin we mol pakcha. ‗The woman bought that blouse.‘ ―The woman‖ in the above example is not only the subject of the sentence, but also the topic of the conversation as indicated by the topic-establishing suffix -din. In another situation, it might be the blouse which is under discussion, and the speaker merely comments on the fact that the woman bought it. In that case, the topic of conversation is the blouse and a Kuna speaker would change the word order of the sentence by putting the topic the blouse first; i.e., topic object + subject + predicate. The topic is always first in a Kuna sentence following any setting or conjunction, and usually occurs with a topic-establishing suffix -din-tin. Example We moldin, ome pakcha. ‗That blouse was bought by the woman. Lit.: As for the blouse, the woman bought it.‘ In summary, it may be said that when the subject of the sentence is not the topic of conversation, the normal word order is rearranged and the topic is positioned at the beginning of the main part of the sentence. 297 APPENDIX F: FURTHER NOTES ON -BAL-PAL When the suffix - bal-pal is used in conjunction with the desiderative suffix -bi-pi, the order of the suffixes varies according to the significance of the utterance. That is to say, the order of suffixes varies according to the focus of the desire.

1. Desire to repeat an action

In order to express a desire to repeat an action, the suffix -bal-pal precedes the desiderative -bi-pi. Example Machi mas kunpalbi. ‗The boy wants to eat again.‘

2. Repeated desire

When it is the desire which is repeated, rather than the action, the desiderative -bi-pi precedes -bal-pal. Example Machi mas kumpibal. ‗The boy again wants to eat.‘

3. Use of -bal-pal in repeated incident

Occasionally, it is necessary to repeat an entire incident. In this case, each repeated verb in the incident uses the -bal-pal suffix. Examples Incident 1 1a. Tule immal takcha. ‗The man saw an animal.‘ b. Tegine immal makcha. ‗And he shot it.‘ Incident 2 2a. Kujal tule immal takchabal. ‗Later, the man saw the animal again.‘

b. Tegine makchabal.

‗And again he shot it.‘ 298 APPENDIX G: IRREGULAR VERBS WITH LONG FORM -KE The long form of most verb stems is achieved by the addition of -e to the shortened verb stem, for example, pake ‗to buy‘ and noe ‗to rise‘. Short verb stems which end in -ma or -ta 133 are lengthened by the addition of -ke. Examples 1. abarmake ‗to run‘ 2. nermake ‗to write‘ 3. imake ‗to do‘ 4. aptake ‗to wait‘ 5. pentake ‗to help‘ When other suffixes are added, -k is retained in some cases and dropped along with e in other cases. Examples

1. imako

‗will do‘

2. aptako

‗will wait‘

3. nermakal

‗begin to write‘

4. abarmakal

‗begin to run‘

5. aptakal

‗begin to wait‘ 6. nermas ‗wrote‘ 7. pentas ‗helped‘ 8. ¡Nerma ‗Write‘ With the present progressive, there is a difference in meaning between the long form, which seems to indicate ―on a continuing basis,‖ and the short form, which simply means the action is in progress. Example 1. An pe pentanai. ‗I am helping you.‘ 2. ¿Pe Pedro pentaknai? ‗Are you helping Peter from day to day?‘ Following is a comparison of regular and irregular verb forms: Form Regular verb -ke verb gerundial pake nermake habitual pak nerma desiderative pakpi nermabi completed pakcha nermas immediate future pakne nermane future pako nermako present progressive paknai nermanai past progressive pakap nermakap inceptive aspect pakal nermakal preparatory aspect pakchogal nermajogal 133 Note that the -k is part of the short form in some verbs; compare, for example, take and tae: take ‗to see‘ make ‗to piercesewshoot‘ tae ‗to behave‘ mae ‗to peck for food‘ tage ‗to come‘ mage ‗to paint‘