Ul tummad noni; ul chichidi. ‗A big canoe arrived; a black canoe.‘

232 Telling Stories 3 Hesitancy At other times, the postpredicate position is used to fill in information after the speaker pauses because he has momentarily forgotten or omitted an item. In such instances, a generic non-specific term may occur in the main sentence and a specific term after the predicate. Example 1. ¿Toa nad? ‗Who went?‘ 2. ... Iwen nad; ... m-mmm Pedro. ‗Thinking So-n-so went; ... m-mmm Peter.‘ Exercise 4 . Postpredicate position intonation drill Stage 1 - Mimicking The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student hums the tune; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student hums the tune, etc. Stage 2 - Tracking The student tracks the teacher as he says Sentence 1; the student tracks the teacher as he says Sentence 2, etc. Stage 3 - Frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. Example Teacher: Tule noni; tule walapá. Student: Tule noni; tule walapá. 1. Tule noni; tule walapá. ‗Three people arrived.‘ 2. Machi ne; immal amine. ‗The boy is going to hunt.‘ 3. Ul noni; ul tummadi. ‗The big canoe arrived.‘ 4. Anka chogbalo; pinna. ‗Tell me again slowly.‘ 5. Machi mol ukcha; nanga. ‗The boy gave the cloth to his mother.‘ 17.4.2 Guidelines for placing elements in the postpredicate position Ex. 5 –28 For purposes of discussion, the elements of the simple sentence are divided into two classes: basic and peripheral. Basic elements are the subject, the direct object in transitive sentences, and the predicate. All other elements of the simple sentence are peripheral: indirect object; locative, goal and time words and phrases; and adjectives and adverbs. 105 The guidelines for placing both peripheral and basic elements in the postpredicate position are similar. Those for placing peripheral elements there tend to be more general, however, and are, therefore, dealt with before the more specific ones for basic elements. If the same guideline applies to a basic element, it is included in this section. Guidelines specific to basic elements are discussed in Lesson XVIII.D.5. When a peripheral element is to be placed in the postpredicate position for purposes of highlighting or clarifying, it may be handled in one of four ways.

17.4.2.1 Peripheral element omitted in the main clause and unexpanded in the postpredicate position

The preferred way to highlight any peripheral element is to omit it entirely from the simple sentence and place it after the predicate in the form it would have appeared in the simple sentence. This is, of course, the only option apart from adding another sentence for including an element which would result in information overload. 105 It could be argued that locative and goal words and phrases are basic elements of sentences with motion or positional verbs and that the indirect object is a basic element with a ditransitive verb. However, we have chosen to treat as peripheral any nominal element in which a suffix indicates its function. By this criterion, only subject and object, and possibly vocative, are basic nominal elements.