Pronunciation Ex. 1 –3 LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

10.4 Grammar 117

10.3 Culture

A Kuna is expected to ask for permission from the chief, in order to go on a trip. Permission is usually requested at a town meeting. If, however, the necessity for the trip is urgent, the permission may be given at any time. In requesting permission for the trip, the person is expected to give the destination and purpose of the trip, and the length of time he expects to be away from the village. When there is a message to be sent, the chief asks someone to hand-carry the message. The chief may only request, he cannot demand, that someone take the message. A Kuna, generally, does not travel alone. He travels with one or more companions. This aspect of the culture is an important one to you, especially if you are requesting that a job be done in another area, or if you are requesting a guide. A Kuna guide expects a companion to go with him, in order that he does not need to return from your destination alone. Both the guide and the companion are given wages.

10.4 Grammar

10.4.1 Verb tense-aspect future Ex. 4 –7

An action that will occur at a future time is viewed as either occurring at an unspecific ―sometime‖ in the future, or at a specific time. Actions which occur at an unspecific time in the future use the future suffix -o attached to the verb stem or the verb stem with any of the appropriate suffixes listed in Section 10.4.5. Actions that occur at a specific time use the immediate future aspect suffix -ne see 3.4.2.

10.4.1.1 Future suffix

When the time of the future action is unspecific, ―sometime‖, the future suffix -o 43 is added to the verb stem or the verb stem with any of the appropriate suffixes see 10.4.5. Examples 1. An nao. ‗I will go sometime.‘ 2. An kabi kobo. ‗I will drink coffee sometime.‘ Exercise 4 . Future suffix frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: An nao. Student: An nao. 1. An nao. ‗I will go.‘ 2. An kabo. ‗I will sleep.‘ 3. An kobo. ‗I will drink.‘ 4. An poo. ‗I will cry.‘ 5. An purko. ‗I will die.‘ Exercise 5 . Future suffix drill The teacher says the verb stem and the student adds the future aspect suffix to the verb stem. Example Teacher: eli Student: elio 1. eli ‗to clean‘ 2. aptake 44 ‗to wait‘ 43 The long form of this suffix is -oe. 44 See Appendix G. 118 Grouping Objects, People, or Actions 3. chi ‗to be sitting‘ 4. tu ‗to cook‘ 10.4.1.2 Immediate future suffix in contrast with the future suffix In referring to actions which will take place in the future it is important that you understand the situations in which the immediate future suffix -ne is indicated versus the situations in which the future suffix -o is indicated. When the time of a future action is specified, the immediate future suffix -ne is added to the verb. The time may be specified, for example, pan ‗tomorrow‘ or ibaboje ‗in two days‘, or it may be understood to refer to the time the speaker is speaking. Examples 1. Yoroku, an mas kunne. ‗At noon, I am going to eat.‘

2. Nan mas tune.

‗Mother is going to cook.‘ The use of the immediate future suffix -ne indicates that the time refers to the time of the utterance, i.e., ―now‖.

3. Nan mas tuo.

‗Mother is going to cook.‘ The use of the future suffix indicates that the time is unspecific, i.e., ―sometime‖. When a time word is used it usually means that the action will take place at a specific time in the future. However, occasionally a person wishes to communicate that ―sometime‖ during a stated period of time, an action will take place. In this case, although the time is specified, the future suffix -o is added. This construction is very rare. Examples 1. Pane an kabi kobo. ‗Tomorrow sometime I will drink coffee.‘

2. Chedo an mas tuo.

‗This evening sometime I will cook plantains.‘ 10.4.1.3 Future of positional verbs The future of positional verbs is formed by adding the future suffix -o to the short form of the positional verb. Thus, when nai, mai, ti, etc., refer to a position or state rather than an action, they do not occur with -ne ‗immediate future‘. Examples 1. An webal maio. ‗I will be there.‘

2. Eswal ilagin kwichio.

‗The spear will be standing by the wall.‘

3. Pirkagwenche pe ampak tio.

‗In a year‘s time, you will be go about with me.‘ Exercise 6 . Immediate future suffix review drill Review the discussion of the immediate future suffix in Section 3.4.2. Do as many of the exercises as are necessary to reinforce the use of -ne, paying special attention to the need for a specific time reference. Exercise 7 . Immediate future versus future suffix drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says the time word and the student makes a sentence using the time word and changing the verb of Sentence 1 to a verb which uses the immediate future suffix. Sentence 2 is drilled in a similar manner.