Monologue LCDD 14 Paya Kuna. LCDD 14 Paya Kuna

258 Kuna Speech Types Traditionally, Kuna chiefs have chanted the instructions and insights into the culture which they have given their people in meetings. The chants namaked are couched in archaic and figurative language which is difficult for the majority of the people to understand. One person, the arkal, is appointed to the task of repeating the chief ‘s chant in more understandable, though formal, language chunmaked, so that the people will understand what was being taught. In some areas, chanting is dying out. In these areas the leaders talk directly to the people.

19.4 Grammar

19.4.1 Obligation Ex. 5 –6

Obligation parallels the English construction, ―ought to ...‖ or ―have to ...‖. This concept is expressed by adding the obligatory suffix -nab to the long form of the verb stem. Example Nuskan e pabgan atakenab. ‗Children ought to respect their parents.‘ Exercise 5 . Obligation frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise may be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Ome mas tuenab. Student: Ome mas tuenab. 1. Ome mas tuenab. ‗The woman has to cook the food.‘ 2. An nenab. ‗I haveought to go.‘ 3. Pe an pennukenab. ‗You have to pay me.‘ 4. Nuskan e pabgan atakenab. ‗Children ought to respect their parents.‘ 5. Pe anka chogenab. ‗You need to tell me.‘ Exercise 6 . Obligation stimulus response drill The teacher asks the question and the student replies using the obligation -nab form. Example Teacher: ¿Pe ne? Student: Antin nenab. 1. ¿Pe ne? ‗Are you going?‘ 2. ¿Pe kai chune? ‗Are you going to fetch sugar cane?‘ 3. ¿Pe saglaga chogo? ‗Will you tell the chief?‘ 4. ¿Pe neg chomne? ‗Are you going to build a house?‘ 5. ¿Pe ina too? ‗Will you take swallow the medicine pills?‘

19.4.2 Non-obligatory expressions

Several adverbial expressions may be used to indicate that an action was done without obligation or duress.

19.4.2.1 anpea itoleged „myyourhishersits own desire lit.: feeling‟

Example Machi a itoleged nad. ‗The boy went of his own desire.‘ 19.4.2.2 pinche „just without duress or purpose‟ When used to refer to an action executed without duress it is generally said with a disclaimer intonation see 6.2.2.