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19.4 Grammar 263 Example Machi ina ogobo. ‗Make the boy drink the medicine.‘

19.4.7.3 Verb ima „to make‟ in causative command

If a verb is not intrinsically causative and has no causative form, the imperative form of the verb ima ‗to make‘ is used. The purpose suffix -gal-kal is added to the verb which is to be carried out. The action verb plus -gal-kal is followed by the actor and subsequently by imako ‗make‘. Example Pe neg chobgal machi imako. ‗You make the boy build the house.‘ Note the difference in word order. In this example, machi, the one caused to do the action, precedes ―to make‖ while the object of building occurs in the normal order for a direct object. On the other hand, in the example for Exercise 12, machi occurs in the normal order for an indirect object but without the suffix -ga-ka. 19.4.7.4 Prevention of causative action To prevent an action from being caused, the word melle ‗do not‘ is used to begin the causative command sentence. Examples 1. Melle machi palmidago. ‗Don‘t send the boy.‘

2. Melle machi ina ogobo.

‗Don‘t make the boy drink the medicine.‘

3. Melle neg chobgal machi imako.

‗Don‘t make the boy build the house.‘

19.4.8 Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13

The impersonal passive construction in which the actor agent is not named parallels the English construction as in, ―The boy was cut‖. It is formed by adding the passive suffix -le-lle to the short form of the verb stem. -lelle precedes such verbal suffixes as -cha-zha-ja and -ne and -al. The lenis consonant -le follows a lenis consonant or a vowel. The fortis consonant -lle follows a fortis consonant but is written as a single -le by convention. It is important to note the difference between -le-lle ‗impersonal passive‘ and the conditional suffix -le ‗if‘ which attaches to the long form of the verb stem or preceding suffix and occurs after aspect and most other verbal suffixes. Because the conditional suffix attaches to the long form of the verb i.e., follows a vowel a fortis form does not occur. Example Machimal chiklesmalbalile, an pe odurtako. ‗If the boys are cut again, I will punish you.‘ In this example, the first -le is the passive suffix, and the second is the conditional suffix. 19.4.8.1 Passive suffix -le-lle with completed aspect -s The short form of the completed aspect -s often occurs with the passive suffix -le-lle. Examples

1. Machi chikles.

‗The boy wasis cut.‘

2. Koe makles.

‗The deer wasis shot.‘ 19.4.8.2 Pseudo-passive The passive suffix -le-lle may be used alone with a verb stem or it may occur with the suffix -ge to form a pseudo-passive in which no specific event is referred to. 1 Passive suffix - le-lle used alone The passive suffix -le-lle when used alone with the verb stem denotes the habitual aspect of a passive concept.