Aspects of topographical features

8.4 Grammar: Location 91 Example Figure 4. pir ‗summit‘ Teacher: Yal pirgin chi. Student: Yal pirgin chi. Frame ____ chi. ‗It is ____.‘ 1. pir ‗summit‘ 2. nag ‗foot‘ 3. tar ‗valley‘ 4. tuk ‗source‘ 92 Conversational Pointers 5. nak ‗mouth‘ 6. akpirchid ‗at the bend‘ 7. wirzho ‗stretch‘ 8. kak ‗shore‘ 9. kak ‗beach‘ 10. nak ‗mouth‘ 8.4 Grammar: Location 93 8.4.2.4 Proper names of topographical features The specific name of a river or mountain may be substituted for the word ti ‗river‘ or yal ‗mountain‘. For example, rather than say, ti tuk ‗source of the river‘, you may wish to say Pay tuk ‗source of the Paya River ‘. Examples 1. Eswal Pay tukbal ebes. ‗He left the spear at the source of the Paya River.‘ 2. Eswal Inaganya wirzhobal ebes. ‗He left the spear at the Inaganya stretch of the river.‘

8.4.3 Adverbs of location Ex 9 –11

Some locative concepts are communicated by the use of an adverb of location instead of by the addition of a locative suffix to a noun. Adverbs of location are used to define one location with reference to another location reference point. In Spanish and English, another location is referred to by using a preposition before the noun which serves as its reference point: atras de la casa ‗behind the house‘ or abajo de la mesa ‗below the table‘. In Kuna, an adverb of location follows the noun which serves as its reference point. Examples 1. neg cholbal ‗behind the house‘ 2. kan ulpal ‗under the bench‘ In the list of examples of adverbs of location below, it may be noted that some of the adverbs incorporate a locative suffix -bal-pal or -gin-kin and some do not. The form of adverbs of location is fixed and needs to be learned.

8.4.3.1 Adverbs of location which usually occur with stated reference point

1a. nikpa ‗above‘ b. ulpal 35 ‗below‘ 2a. cholbal ‗behind‘ b. innik ‗in front of‘ 3a. tikalbal ‗beside, near to‘ tikalgin ‗on the side of‘ b. kakpal ‗near the edge of‘ 4a. yabal ‗inside‘ yagin ‗in the hole‘ b. magarbal ‗outside something‘ 5a. nuechik ‗on the right‘ b. chapilechik ‗on the left‘ 6a. ulupkin ‗inside of one, i.e., seat of emotions‘ b. abalgin ‗among, in the midst of‘ Examples 1. Es karpa nikpa nai. ‗The machete is hanging above the basket.‘ 2. Es karpa ulpal nai. ‗The machete is hanging below the basket.‘ 3. Es karpa cholbal nai. ‗The machete is hanging behind the basket.‘ 4. Es karpa innikin nai. ‗The machete is hanging in front of the basket.‘ 5. Es karpa tikalbal nai. ‗The machete is hanging beside the basket.‘ 6. Es karpa kakbal mai. ‗The machete is lying on the edge of the basket.‘ 7. Es karpa yabal mai. ‗The machete is lying inside the basket.‘ 8. Es karpa magarbal mai. ‗The machete is lying outside of the basket.‘ 9. Es karpa nuechik mai. ‗The machete is lying on the right-hand side of the basket.‘ 35 Note carefully the difference between ul + -bal, = ulbal, ‗at broad the canoe‘ and ulpal ‗below‘. 94 Conversational Pointers

10. Es karpa chapilechik mai. ‗The machete is lying on the left-hand side of the basket.‘

11. An ulupkin pinzhe. ‗I think deep inside me within my heart.‘

12. Ome tule abalgin chi. ‗The woman is sitting among the people.‘

Exercise 9 . Adverb of location drill The student looks at Picture 1 in Figure 5 while the teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it. The student looks at Picture 2 while the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. Example Figure 5. Teacher: Kuchar karpa nikpa nai. Student: Kuchar karpa nikpa nai. 1. Kuchar karpa nikpa nai. ‗The spoon is hanging above the basket.‘ 2. Kuchar karpa ulpal nai. ‗The spoon is hanging below the basket.‘ 3. Kuchar karpa cholbal nai. ‗The spoon is hanging behind the basket.‘