Koe makles. Impersonal passive suffix -le-lle Ex. 13

264 Kuna Speech Types Example We nugu kulle. 114 ‗That is good when eaten.‘ 2 Passive suffix - le-lle used with -ge The combination suffix -lege-llege denotes quality. Examples

1. We nugu kullege.

‗That is good eating.‘

2. We mol nugu taklege.

‗That blouse is good looking.‘ Exercise 13 . Passive -le frame drill The teacher says the sentence and the student repeats it using the passive form -le. Example Teacher: Mas tunai. Student: Mas tulenai. 1. Mas tunai. ‗I‘m cooking food.‘ 2. Teob chog. ‗That‘s what he says.‘ 3. We kartagin nabir nerma. ‗You can write on that paper.‘ 4. Pato ukcha. ‗He‘s already sold it.‘ 5. Esgin chikcha. ‗He cut it with a machete.‘

19.4.9 Habitual behavior aspect

People have habitual patterns of behavior, doing certain actions frequently or with some degree of regularity. This habitual behavior is expressed by the addition of the suffix -da-ta ‗behave habitually‘ to the verb stem. Examples 1. An ua kunta. ‗I oftenregularly eat fish.‘ 2. An igeta. ‗I oftenregularly forget.‘ This construction differs from the habitual aspect see 10.4.9 in that it implies that an action is done with regularity, whereas the habitual aspect without -da-ta refers to an act which is done and implies that there are other similar acts which are not done. Example Antin ua kun, tenal an apa chan kunchul. ‗I do eat fish but I don‘t eat boa meat.‘ 19.4.10 Past progressive suffix -ap ‘hashave been ____ing’ Ex. 14 An action may be viewed as past progressive, i.e., as having been in progress but now terminated, as illustrated by the English sentence, ―I have been swimming said after one has left the water‖. In the past progressive, the focus is on the activity and contrasts with a construction in which the focus is on the motion goingcoming as illustrated by the sentence, An obti. ‗I have been to bathe.‘ see 18.4.2. The past progressive is marked by the suffix -ap attached to the shortened verb stem. Examples

1. An obap.

‗I have been bathing.‘

2. Ome mas chuap.

‗The woman has been fetching plantains.‘

3. An tulemalzhe ekisap.

‗I have been asking people.‘ An irregular occurrence of the past progressive suffix -ap is nagap ‗on foot‘ see 14.4.8.2 note. 114 The verb kunkunne ‗to eat‘ is irregular. Its short form ends in a fortis consonant which is written as a single consonant by convention. With the addition of the passive suffix -le-lle the fortis suffix is used and the nn drops off to become kulle. Similarly, with the addition of the completive aspect -cha, kunkunne ‗to eat‘ becomes kucha. 19.4 Grammar 265 When the past progressive suffix is added to the past form of the motion verb ne ‗to go‘, the resultant form natab 115 ‗in the process of goingon my way‘ indicates that motion has already been initiated. The suffix -ap does not occur with the motion verb tag ‗to come‘. Example A man is travelling from Paya to Pucuru. On the trail, someone asks where he is going. 1. Inquirer: ¿Pia ne? ‗Where are you going?‘ 2. Traveller: Pukurche natab. ‗I am on my way to Pucuru.‘ Exercise 14 . Past progressive -ap drill The teacher asks the question and the student replies using the -ap form in the frame. Example Teacher: ¿Pe ampak kallin pakne? Student: Chuli. An pato kallin pakap. Frame Chuli. An pato ____-ap. ‗No, I have already been ____.‘ 1. ¿Pe ampak kallin pakne? ‗Are you going with me to buy chickens?‘ 2. ¿Pe tibal omne? 116 ‗Are you going to bathe at the river?‘ 3. ¿Pe mas chikne? ‗Are you going to cut plantains?‘ 4. ¿Pe tagar chwane? ‗Are you going to gather thatch?‘ 5. ¿Pe ua makne? ‗Are you going to spear fish?‘

19.4.11 Naming

Even though there are cultural restrictions on eliciting and calling people by their Kuna name see Section 4.3, you as an outsider will be asked your name. The nounverb nuga ‗nameto name‘ is used to elicit or declare a name, to name a person or object, or to do something under someone ‘s authority ―in the name of‖. Examples 1. ¿Igi pe nuga? ‗What is your name? lit.: How are you named?‘ 2. Antin nug Pablo. ‗My name is Paul. lit.: I am named Paul.‘ 3. Antin, an machi Pedro nugzhas. ‗I callednamed my son Peter.‘ 4. An sagla nuggin pega chog. ‗I tell you in the name of under the authority of the chief.‘ 19.4.11.1 Other naming expressions When a person is named or appointed to a position, the position to which he is appointed is stated as an indirect object, the name of the appointee is stated, followed by the verb odo ‗to cause to enterappoint‘. Example Tulemal saglaga Juan odos. ‗The people appointed John as chief.‘ When one person substitutes for another, the substitute is named first, followed by the name of the one substituted for, the adverb anal ‗instead of‘, the position treated as indirect object and the verb pei ‗to remain‘. Example Pedro, Pablo anal tummadga pes. ‗Peter remained was left in charge in Paul‘s place.‘ 19.4.11.2 ¿Igi pimal? „What do wethey call it?‟ This expression is used to ascertain the correct termway of saying something, i.e., to elicit new language data. 115 Irregular. 116 The b of ob ‗to bathe‘ becomes m before the n, omne ‗to go to bathe‘.