Preparatory aspect –chogal-zhogal-jogal Ex. 7–8

178 Social Interaction 9. ami ‗look forget out‘ 10. chabo ‗put away‘

14.4.3 Habitual aspect condition Ex. 9 –10

Some events happen habitually ―all the time‖, but only under certain conditions, for example, ―When it rains, the roof always leaks. ‖ That is to say, the roof does not always leak, but every time, or whenever it rains, the roof leaks. To form this construction, Kunas add the suffix -alil 77 to the conditional verb. In the case of this habitual aspect condition, the main Event A the roof leaks habitually happens whenever Event B rain occurs. Example Ai yegualil, an ina che. ‗Whenever my friend is sick, I administer medicine.‘ Exercise 9 . Habitual aspect condition frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Ai yegualil, an ina che. Student: Ai yegualil, an ina che. 1. Ai yegualil, an ina che. ‗Whenever my friend gets sick, I administer medicine.‘ 2. Ti wialil, an wartiku. ‗When it rains, I get wet.‘ 3. Neg kwebur emialil, pel arpa. ‗Whenever the town is cleaned, everyone works.‘ 4. An abarmakalil, pirkin anwimake. ‗When I run, I perspire a lot.‘ 5. Ome ua tualil an ua kun. ‗When the woman cooks fish, I eat it.‘ Exercise 10 . Habitual aspect condition drill The teacher says the sentence and the student changes it into an -alil customary condition form and adds the independent sentence an ina che ‗I do medicine‘. Example Teacher: Ai yegus. Student: Ai yegualil, an ina che. Frame ____-alil an ina che. 1. Ai yegus. ‗A friend is sick.‘ 2. Nuskan aglas. ‗Children tripped and fell.‘ 3. Pe kummas. ‗You were burnt.‘ 4. Nuskan chikleja. ‗The children were cut.‘ 5. Machi ugene. ‗The boy is going to have a fever.‘

14.4.4 Response to the habitual aspect condition Ex. 11

In the most common use of the habitual aspect condition, the actor in the independent clause habitually responds to the situation presented by the condition. This parallels the English construction, ―Whenever ..., I always.... ‖ Some other responses to the habitual aspect condition occur with irregularity ―seldomusually‖ and some responses occur with regularity ―every timeevery other time‖.

14.4.4.1 Irregular response to habitual aspect condition

When the response to the habitual aspect condition is irregular, an appropriate adverb is used to modify the verb in the independent sentence. Appropriate adverbs include: tigujal ‗usually‘, impagin ‗often‘ and impakwa ‗seldomrarely‘. 77 -alil is made up of the inceptive aspect -ali plus the prior conditional suffix -l see 12.4.1.b. 14.4 Grammar 179 Examples 1. An ai yegualil, an tigujal ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I usually administer medicine.‘ 2. An ai yegualil, an impagin ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I often administer medicine.‘ 3. An ai yegualil, an impakwa ina che. ‗When my friend gets sick, I occasionally administer medicine.‘

14.4.4.2 Regular response to habitual aspect condition Ex. 11

When the response to the habitual aspect condition is regular, the nominalized form of the verb stem in the conditional clause is followed by the appropriate adverbs. The shape of the adverb with the exception of ―every time ‖ varies according to the appropriate number stem used. For example, ilbal ‗every time‘, il-ilbogin ‗every second other time ‘, and il-ilpagin ‗every third time‘. Examples 1. An ai yegued ilbal, an ina che. ‗Every time my friend gets sick, I administer medicine.‘ 2. An machi uged il-ilbogin, nono pirpirma. ‗Every other time my son has a fever, he gets dizzy lit.: his head wanders.‘ Exercise 11 . Habitual aspect condition drill The teacher selects a sentence below and says it. The student substitutes the sentence in the frame. Example Teacher: Machered mas emis. Student: Machered mas emijad ilbal, adin ukul nika. Frame ____-d ilbal, adin ukul nika. ‗Every time ____, heshe is hungrythirsty.‘ 1. Machered mas emis. ‗The man cleared the plantains.‘ 2. Machi ua makti. ‗The boy speared fish.‘ 3. Pun mas tus. ‗The girl cooked food.‘ 4. Ome neg turwis. ‗The woman swept the house.‘ 5. Tad neg chobzha. ‗The elder builtworked on a house.‘

14.4.5 Conditional with –le Ex. 12

A conditional sentence parallels the English construction ―If..., then....‖ It is constructed by adding the suffix -le to the long form of the verb stem or to the suffixed verb in the conditional clause. This construction is used when the speaker is uncertain whether or not a condition will be fulfilled. Examples 1. An mol pakele, an pega uko. ‗If I buy cloth, I‘ll give it to you.‘ 2. Anmal yannu makmalale, anmal wis chan pega ukmogo. 78 ‗If we shoot a peccary, we will give you a little meat, too.‘ Exercise 12 . Conditional -le frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. Example Teacher: An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. Student: An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. 1. An mol pakele, an mol kinnid pako. ‗If I buy cloth, I‘ll buy red cloth.‘ 2. An ul ukele, an ul toto uko. ‗If I sell a canoe, I‘ll sell the small one.‘ 78 The indirect object pega occurs after the direct object chan in this example, in order to focus more attention on the one receiving the meat than on the meat itself.