Mol tarpabak. maniatal Numbers Ex. 6 –19

7.4 Grammar 71 Exercise 7 . Drilling numerals substitution frame drill Using the frame, the teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it. The teacher and the student say Sentences 1 –10 in unison. This exercise may be repeated several times. Example Teacher: Mol tarbo takne. Student: Mol tarbo takne. Teacher and Student in unison: Mol tarbo takne. 1. Mol tarbo takne. ‗She will look at two lengths of cloth.‘ 2. Mol tarpá takne. ‗She will look at three lengths of cloth.‘ 3. Mol tarbake takne. ‗She will look at four lengths of cloth.‘ 4. Mol taratal takne. ‗She will look at five lengths of cloth.‘ 5. Mol tarnerkwa takne. ‗She will look at six lengths of cloth.‘ 6. Mol tarkugle takne. ‗She will look at seven lengths of cloth.‘ 7. Mol tarpabak takne. ‗She will look at eight lengths of cloth.‘ 8. Mol tarbakebak takne. ‗She will look at nine lengths of cloth.‘ 9. Mol tarambe takne. ‗She will look at ten lengths of cloth.‘ 10. Mol tarambe kakkabo takne. ‗She will look at twelve lengths of cloth.‘ 8 Out-of-culture measurement unit prefixes Kunas sometimes use measurement units from outside their culture to describe various items. Some out-of-culture measurement unit prefixes include: yarta- ‗yard‘, metro- ‗meter‘, and liber- ‗pound‘. These prefixes are used with basic number stems to describe quantities of various items such as cloth, sugar, and flour. Examples 1. Mol yartabo pei. ‗I would like to buy two yards of cloth.‘

2. Ostigid libergwen.

‗There is one pound of sugar.‘

7.4.1.2 Illustrated comparisons of Group I and Group III number prefixes

1 ogob „coconut‟ ogob chal bo ‗two coconut palms‘ ogob tak bo ‗two bunches of coconuts‘ ogob kwa bo ‗two coconuts‘ 72 Buying and Selling 2 mas „plantains‟ mas chagla bo ‗two plantain plants‘ mas chagla bo ‗two stalks of plantain‘ mas tak bo ‗two hands of plantain‘ mas wal bo ‗two plantains‘ 3 win „beads‟ win mata bo ‗two bead necklaces‘ win kia bake ‗four strands strings of beads‘ 7.4 Grammar 73 4 tagar „wild banana leaves‟ tagar kuk bo ‗two bundles of thatch‘ tagar ka bo ‗two leaves of wild banana‘ 5 mam „manioc‟ mam chagla bo ‗two manioc plants‘ mam wal bo ‗two manioc tubers‘ 6 negchaled „fields‟ ob negchaled tanbo ‗two fields of corn‘ ob ila bake ‗four rows of corn‘ Exercise 8 . Numeral prefix substitution frame drill The teacher repeats the frame and selects a word from the list below to substitute in the frame and says it. The student then substitutes the word in the frame, selecting the correct collective noun or measurement prefix for the object involved. 74 Buying and Selling Examples Teacher: Ob karpapá takcha. Teacher: chin Student: Chin chogpá takcha. Teacher: Chin chogpá takcha. Teacher: wawadun Student: Wawadun walpá takcha. Frame Ob karpapá takcha. ‗She saw three baskets of corn.‘ 1. ob ‗corn‘ 2. tagar ‗wild banana plant‘ 3. chin ‗pig herd‘ 4. wawadun ‗banana‘ 5. ostigid ‗sugar‘ 6. chia ‗cocoa‘ 7. win ‗bead necklaces‘ 8. negchaled ‗fields‘ Exercise 9 . Numerals formation drill The student looks at the picture and says a phrase describing it. Example Figure 2. Student: Tule walbo. 1. 2. 7.4 Grammar 75 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

7.4.1.3 Money units

Money units function in a different way from other measurement prefixes and need to be discussed individually. The five prefixes andor words used to describe money by the Kunas of the Darién are: 1. mani- ‗five centsone nickel‘ 2. ton- ‗fifty cents‘ 3. karta ‗dollar bills‘ 76 Buying and Selling 4. olmani- ‗dollar bills‘ 5. tula- ‗twenty‘ These five terms form the basis of the five-way distinction used to describe money units below. 1 Money unit prefixes used to describe quantities less than one dollar Two prefixes used by Darién Kuna for money valued at less than one dollar are mani- ‗five centsnickel‘ and ton- ‗fifty cents‘. a Mani- ‗coin‘ Mani - ‗five centsone nickel‘ is the smallest unit of money used for trade in the Darién. 30 In describing the cost of items valued between five and forty-five cents, the Kunas describe the cost as a multiple of five cent pieces. For example, if an item costs twenty-five cents, the Kunas would interpret the cost of the item as five five-cent units, or five nickels. The prefix mani- uses two forms of the numeral phrase. If an item costs from five to thirty cents i.e., one to six nickels, the form of the numeral phrase is mani- + basic number stem. If the item costs from thirty-five to forty-five cents seven to nine nickels, the form of the number phrase is mani- + kwa- 31 + basic number stem. Example 1. manibake ‗20 cents four five-cent units‘

2. maniatal

‗25 cents five, five-cent units‘

3. manikwakugle

‗35 cents seven, five-cent units‘

4. manikwapabak

‗40 cents eight, five-cent units‘ Exercise 10 . Money unit drill The teacher writes on the board one of the money quantities listed in the lesson. The teacher then says the Kuna money unit. The student repeats the money unit after the teacher. This exercise should be repeated several times. Examples Teacher writes: 5¢ Teacher says: manigwen Student says: manigwen Teacher writes: 10¢ Teacher says: manibo Student says: manibo 1. 5¢ manigwen ‗five cents‘ 2. 10¢ manibo ‗ten cents‘ 3. 15¢ manipá ‗fifteen cents‘ 4. 20¢ manibake ‗twenty cents‘ 5. 25¢ maniatal ‗twenty-five cents‘ 6. 30¢ maninerkwa ‗thirty cents‘ 7. 35¢ manikwakugle ‗thirty-five cents‘ 8. 40¢ manikwapabak ‗forty cents‘ 9. 45¢ manikwabakebak ‗forty-five cents‘ 30 mani kollogwad ‗cent‘ lit., yellow money is used only in the city and in larger towns. 31 kwa- is a Group I shape prefix see 5.4.1.3. 7.4 Grammar 77 b Ton- ‗fifty cents‘ Ton - is used to describe units of fifty cents. The most common use of the prefix ton- is in the description of an item which costs fifty cents, tongwen. Very occasionally other number stems are added to the prefix ton - and are used to describe values which are multiples of fifty cents. The numeral phrase is formed by ton - + basic number stem. Examples 1. tongwen ‗fifty cents one fifty-cent unit‘ Rarely used forms include:

2. tonbo

‗one dollar two fifty-cent units‘

3. tonpá

‗one dollar, fifty three fifty-cent units‘

4. tonbake

‗two dollars four fifty-cent units‘ 2 Money unit terms used to describe quantities of one dollar or more Two terms used by the Kuna in the Darién to describe money valued at more than one dollar are karta ‗dollar bill‘ and olmani- ‗gold sovereign‘. Karta ‗dollar bill‘ is the word used to describe dollar bills in Kuna. It actually means ‗paperbook‘. The form used to describe the denomination of a dollar bill or the price of an item is karta + ka- or mata- 32 + basic number stem. Although either ka- or mata- may be used in the numeral phrase, ka- is more common. The word karta is usually used to describe denominations of money valued at less than ten dollars. However, this is not always the case. When the term karta is used to describe denominations of twenty or more, the Group I prefixes, ka- and mata- are not usually used. Examples 1. karta kagwen ‗one dollar‘ 33 or karta matagwen 2. karta kabo ‗two dollars‘ or karta matabo 3. karta katulabo ‗forty dollars‘ or karta matatulabo or karta tulabo Olmani - ‗gold sovereign dollar bills‘ is another money unit prefix. The form used to describe the denomination of a bill or the price of an item is olmani- + basic number stem. This prefix is usually used to describe denominations of more than ten dollars, although occasionally one dollar amounts are described by this prefix. 32 ka- and mata- are Group I shape prefixes see 5.4.1.3. 33 Sometimes the loan word balboa or dólar is used in the place of karta. If an item was purchased in Colombia, the word peso might be used.