Narrow setting Tibal nad.

88 Conversational Pointers Example Nan neggin chi. ‗Mother is at the house.‘ From the viewpoint of the speaker, the house is a specific area within the broad setting of the village. Exercise 5 . Location broad setting frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Examples Teacher: Machi yannu chapurbal ebes. Student: Machi yannu chapurbal ebes. Teacher: Machi yannu igalbal ebes. Student: Machi yannu igalbal ebes. 1. Machi yannu chapurbal ebes. ‗The boy left the peccary in the jungle.‘ 2. Machi yannu igalbal ebes. ‗The boy left the peccary on the trail.‘ 3. Machi yannu tuppal ebes. ‗The boy left the peccary on the peninsula.‘ 4. Machi yannu kullubal ebes. ‗The boy left the peccary on the bank.‘ Exercise 6 . Narrow setting location frame drill The teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it; the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. This exercise should be repeated several times. Examples Teacher: Machi eswal neggin ebes. Student: Machi eswal neggin ebes. Teacher: Machi eswal akwagin ebes. Student: Machi eswal akwagin ebes. 1. Machi eswal neggin ebes. ‗The boy left his fishing spear at home‘ 2. Machi eswal akwagin ebes. ‗The boy left his fishing spear on the stone.‘ 3. Machi eswal ulgin ebes. ‗The boy left his fishing spear in the canoe.‘ 4. Machi eswal mesagin ebes. ‗The boy left his fishing spear on the table.‘ 5. Machi eswal kukualedgin ebes. ‗The boy left his fishing spear in the airplane.‘ 8.4.1.3 Distinction of -bal-pal versus -gin-kin In many cases, the choice of -bal-pal versus -gin-kin depends upon the viewpoint of the speaker in a particular situation. For example, if the speaker is talking about the chief being in Panama and the viewpoint of the speaker is that the chief is somewhere in the broad setting of Panama, -bal-pal will be used. Example Sagla Panamabal mai. ‗The chief is somewhere in Panama.‘ If, however, the viewpoint of the speaker is that the chief is in Panama as opposed to Colón or some other town in the Republic of Panama i.e., he is pinpointing a location in the Republic, the suffix -gin-kin is used. Example Sagla Panamagin mai. ‗The chief is at Panama.‘ Exercise 7 . Location viewpoint drill The student looks at the picture and says a phrase describing it. X is to be interpreted as a narrow setting and the wavy circle as a broad setting. 8.4 Grammar: Location 89 Example Figure 3. Student: Es ulgin mai. Frame Es ____ mai. ‗The machete is ____.‘ 1. 2. 3.

8.4.2 Locative phrases Ex. 8

Certain geographical features rivers, mountains, sea may be incorporated into locative phrases. These phrases may be used to refer to a broad or narrow setting by the addition of the locative suffix.

8.4.2.1 Aspects of topographical features

Description of location becomes more precise when a speaker refers to certain aspects of a topographical area such as a river, mountain or sea instead of simply referring to the feature itself.

8.4.2.2 Formation of locative phrases

The locative phrase is formed by adding a word specifying an aspect of the topographical feature to the topographical feature itself. It is followed by a locative suffix: topographical feature + aspect of feature + locative suffix -bal-pal or -gin-kin. 90 Conversational Pointers Examples 1. ti + nak + -kin ti nakkin ‗at the mouth of the river‘ 2. yal + pir + -gin yal pirgin ‗at the top of the mountain‘

8.4.2.3 Aspects of topographical features

Following is a listing of the common aspects of rivers: 1. tuk ‗source‘ 2. nak ‗mouth‘ 3. akpirid ‗bend‘ 4. wirzho ‗stretch‘ Examples 1. Ul ti nakkin mai. ‗The canoe is at the mouth of the river.‘ 2. Machi eswal ti akpirchidgin 34 ebes. ‗The boy left the spear at the bend in the river.‘ 3. Machi eswal ti wirzhobal ebes. ‗The boy left the spear on the straight stretch of the river.‘ Following is a listing of the common aspects of mountains and hills: 1. pir ‗summitcrest‘ 2. nag ‗foot‘ 3. abalgin ‗between valleys‘ 4. tarbal ‗valley‘ Examples 1. Machi eswal yal pirgin ebes. ‗The boy left the spear at the top of the mountain.‘ 2. Machi eswal yal naggin ebes. ‗The boy left the spear at the foot of the mountain.‘ 3. Machi eswal yal tarbal ebes. ‗The boy left the spear in the valley.‘ Following is a listing of the common aspects of the sea: 1. kakpal ‗shore‘ 2. kakkin ‗beach‘ Examples 1. Machi eswal termal kakbal ebes. ‗The boy left the spear on the shore.‘ 2. Machi eswal termal kakgin ebes. ‗The boy left the spear at the beach.‘ Exercise 8 . Aspects of topographical features drill The student looks at Picture 1 in Figure 4 while the teacher says Sentence 1 and the student repeats it. The student looks at Picture 2 while the teacher says Sentence 2 and the student repeats it, etc. X is to be interpreted as a narrow setting and the wavy circle as a general setting. 34 akpirid ‗bend‘ becomes akpirchidgin ‗at the bend‘ or akpirididgin ‗around the bend‘; akpirid ‗bend‘ also refers to trails.