TA- Affixes and affix-combinations

10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 321 With plural subjects, the derivation is ambiguous between a si-derivation on a complex ka--ha-derived nominal base or a si-ka--ha derivation on a verbal base: do-si-ka-tudo-ha suddenly they arrived tudo arrive they arrived at the same place do-si-ka-mo-ndawu-ha suddenly they fell ndawu fall they fell in the same place do-si-ka-mo-lodo-ha suddenly they fell asleep lodo sleep they slept in the same place In the last two examples the second meaning is more usually expressed as do-si-kao-ndawu-ha and do-si-kao-lodo-ha. Further derivations on this base with ta- and -mo are common; the meaning is still more intensified more sudden, more surprising and more frightening. The ambiguity for plural subjects is retained. ta-no-si-ka-bisara-ha-mo all of a sudden he bisara speak spoke ta-no-si-ka-mo-rondo-ha-mo all of a sudden it rondo dark became dark ta-do-si-ka-omba-ha-mo all of a sudden they omba appear appeared ta-do-si-ka-mo-ndawu-ha-mo all of a sudden they ndawu fall fell suddenly they fell in the same place

10.2.48. TA-

Prefix on different bases. Dialectally to-. Classified according to meaning; shared semantic component: unexpected actionstate. Productive. a. Base is a simple or complex verb. Meaning: predictive warning caveat concerning something which might possibly happen see 9.18. With second person ta-o- is often contracted to t-o-: ta-no-tiulu take care it wont get tiulu be lost lostit may get lost ta-a-tolo-ko take care I wont swallow tolo swallow youI may swallow you t-omo-ndawu take care you wont fall ndawu fall you may fall ta-no-fo-sangke take care he wont lift sangke lift ushe may lift us b. On different bases. Meaning: only, merely, just. 1. Base is verbal; also common with imperatives see 8.7.3 in combination with -mo. Realis and irrealis moods occur. ta-o-po-kalalambu you are just playing kalalambu game ta-no-tudu-e he just ordered him tudu order ta-da-[m]ekiri-mo we will just think fekiri think 322 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ta-me-pili-mo just choose pili choose ta-sabara-mo just be patient sabara patient 2. Base is a noun phrase. Ta- is prefixed to the first word, which is usually the head noun or pronoun, but which can also be the article o. Phonetically ta and o are separated by a glottal stop; there is no contraction to to. ta-inodi only me inodi I ta-ama-ndo only their father ama father ta-o ganda only a drum ganda drum ta-o kahitela only maize kahitela maize 3. Base is the preposition peda like; optionally further affixed with -hi and -mo: ta-peda just like ta-peda-hi-mo just like c. ta- indicates a certain span of time or amount: until; another. 1. Base is verbal; frequently in combination with -hi and -mo: ta-do-wule-mo until they got tired wule tired ta-no-bhala-hi-mo until he grew up bhala big ta-no-ti-doli-mo until it turned west sun doli turn In this sense ta- is also found in combination with po--ghoo 10.2.41: ta-no-po-wanu-ghoo-mo until he got up wanu get up 2. Base is adverb or preposition: ta-nae-fua-mo until the day after nae-fua day after tomorrow tomorrow ta-dua do-rato-hi-mo until they arrived rato arrive dua also ta-ampa-hi-mo aitu up till now ampa until aitu now 3. Base is a measure phrase; the futurity prefix na- 10.2.32 is obligatory: ta-na-se-wula another month wula month ta-na-se-mitere another metre mitere metre d. ta- indicates a sudden, unexpected action. Base is a simple or complex verb: ta-no-mate suddenly he died mate die, dead ta-ne-mbali-mo suddenly she became mbali become ta-no-ila-mo suddenly it disappeared ila disappear ta-no-si-rato-ha-mo all of a sudden he arrived no-si-rato-ha he suddenly arrived rato arrive 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 323 Base is the negator miinamo no more: ta-miina-mo na-ti-wora suddenly it became ti-wora visible invisible wora see e. Base is a reduplicated verb. The derivation describes an ongoing unusual or surprising situation. Often in combination with -mo: ta-ne-nsara-nsara-mo it remained stuck out nsara long surprisingly ta-ne-ale-ale it hung loosely sur- ale wave prisingly ta-ne-late-late-mo he was living sur- late live prisingly ta-ne-mente-mente-mo he was very surprised mente surprised The reduplicated base can be prefixed with ka-; the meaning does not change, but the derived verb is an a-verb: ta-no-ka-nggela-nggela-mo it remained clean nggela clean surprisingly ta-no-ka-ntoge-ntoge-mo it remained upright ntoge upright surprisingly ta-no-ka-kala-kala-mo he remained going kala go surprisingly

10.2.49. TI-