276 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
process. Although I do not discuss fossilized morphology in this chapter, certain affixes or uses of affixes do not seem to be productive.
Subdivisions in the discussion of affixes are made on the basis of both formal criteria different word classes as bases, simple and complex bases,
bound roots and semantic factors. Nowhere are examples meant to be exhaustive. In the examples given, verbal derivations are given in the third person
singular ne- for ae-verbs, no- for a-verbs and ao-verbs; where possible these forms have been translated by infinitives without to. In those cases where a
clausal translation is more appropriate or is the only possibility, I make a choice between he and she, rather than give both equivalents. This is also
true for derivations that have obligatory plural subject inflection: do- and de- are only translated as they, although they can also signal first person
plural inclusive we. As for the roots in the right column on the page, no class membership for verbal roots is indicated.
As a final point, possible further derivations on the basis of the derivation under discussion are provided. If such further derivations are
impossible, this is stated explicitly. If nothing is said concerning further derivation, the available information does not warrant a definitive statement.
Finally a word about the order of affixes within derived words. I am not able to provide a full schema of the various ordering possibilities, for the
simple reason that such a huge project checking all the combinatory possibilities of some fifty derivational affixes was beyond the scope of the
present study. A further difficulty lies in the fact that certain affixes can occur in different orders with corresponding different meanings. Moreover, the
fact that a precedes b and b precedes c does not necessarily imply that a precedes c. Certain sub-orders seem to exist. Finally, a table of affixes must
also specify which combinations do not occur or are extremely marked. At this point there is not enough information available. Hence a full account of affix
combinations cannot be given, although certain patterns can be culled from the further derivations.
10.1. Affixation: summary
The following chart summarizes the main information about all the affixes and affix-combinations to be discussed in 10.2. However, only the most common uses
are indicated; special uses and unproductive derivations are discussed in 10.2. The meaning of some of the affixes is given in simple English equivalents.
Productivity of the affix is indicated by yes or no.
The categorial status of both the base and the derivation are provided. A hyphen indicates that the derived form does not neatly fall into one of the
recognized categories see also 3.5. When verbs are not subcategorized for either morphology a-, ae- or ao-class or syntax transitive versus
intransitive, this implies that a subdivision does not have to be made for the affix under discussion and that the derivation has the same morphological and
syntactic features as the base.
The following non-transparent abbreviations are used: - PrNum:
prefixed numeral - RedNum: reduplicated numeral
- Vst: stative intransitive verb
- MP: measure phrase
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 277
Affix Meaning
Base Derivation Productive
1. -ana dual adhortative
V V
y 2. -e
emphatic Dem,Voc
Dem,Voc y
3. e- period of x days
PreNum N
y 4. fe-
1. locutional causative V
V ae y
2. various N
V a n
3. various N,MP,V V ae
n 5. feka-
1. factitive Vst
V ae y
2. adverbial Vst
Adv y
6. fo
1
- causative
V V ae
y 7. fo
2
- detransitivizer
V V a
y 8. foko-
callshout X N
V a n
9. foko--u kinship relation
N N
n 10. -ghoo
1. indirect object V
V y
2. purpose V
V y
11. -ha 1. location,time,manner
V N
y 2. predicative
Dem -
y 12. -hi
1. plural N,V
N,V y
2. enumeration,leisurely V
V y
13. -ho 1. future
N,V N,V
y 2. optative
V V
y 14. i-
xth night after death PreNum
N n
15. -Cao intensifier
V V
n 16. -Ci
1. repetitive Vtr
V ae n
2. locative, petative Vintr
V ae n
17. ka- 1. nominalization
V N
y 2. unexpectedly
V V ae
y 18. ka--ha
location,time,instrument, V
N y
reason 19. ka- + red.
1. diminutive N
N y
2. rather Vst
V a n
3. simultaneous V
- y
20. ki--ha many, all together
Vsound V a
y 21. ko-
havepossess N
V a y
22. ko--ha all of, the whole
MP,RedNum N y
23. ko- + red. continue to be
V N
y 24. -mana
plural adhortative V
V y
25. mansi- quiteonly a few
N V a
y? 26. manso-
habitual Vintr
V a y
27. mba- + red. rather
Vst V a
y 28. me-, mo-
1. imperative V
- y
2. clipped participle V
- y
3. class affixes V
V n
29. -mo perfective, emphatic
N,V N,V
y 30. -Vmu
plural V
V y
31. mpo- + red. pretend, act as if
Vintr V ae
y 32. na-
future MP
MP y
33. ne- ni- passive participle
Vtr -
y 34. ngko-
habitual V
V ae y
35. nsa- + red. increasingly
Vst V ae
y 36. pa-
profession V
N n
37. paka- when first, when just
V NV a
y 38. para-
habitual V
V a n
39. pe- approximately
MP MP
y
278 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
40. piki- early, soon
V V a
y 41. po-
1. reciprocal Vtr
V a y
2. play N
V a y
3. in parts, broken V
V a y
42. poka- + red. pretend, for fun, a little V,N V a
y 43. ponta- + red. to and fro, up and down
V V a
n 44. sa-
1. when, as soon as V
NV a y
2. all the time, only V
N y
45. sa--ha hardly, only just
V N
y 46. si-
be one, have the same N
V a y
47. si--ha 1. at one time, together
V V a
y 2. sudden, unexpected
V V a
y 48. ta-
1. caveat V
V y
2. only, just N,V
N,V y
3. until, another V,MP
V,MP y
4. sudden V
V y
49. ti- accidentalagentless passive Vtr
V a y
50. ti- te- as muchmany as
MP MP
y 51. -um--no,
active participle V
- y
me--no, mo--no
10.2. Affixes and affix-combinations
