KI--HA KO- Affixes and affix-combinations

300 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE no-ka-baru-baru naughty ? baru happy no-ka-ili-ili shy, modest no-ka-dhoro-dhoro unmannered, arrogant no-ka-empa-empa impolite, mean c. Base is a verb; idiosyncratic meanings; unproductive: no-ka-ere-ere learn to stand up ere stand up no-ka-mpuu-mpuu do something seriously mpuu serious no-ka-angka-angka follow, be led astray by angka go, take a route It is also possible that the forms of this last category are made up of the prefix ka- while the base is a reduplicated verb. With the available information, this is hard to determine. 3. Affix-combination joined to an independent verb, forming a compound signalling simultaneous action. Frequently but not necessarily nasal accretion is present so that the affix takes the form of ngka- + reduplication. This could be considered a separate affix, but since the nasal accretion is not obligatory it seems best to treat it under the present affix-combination. The nasal accretion points to the close link between the independent verb and the affix-combination. This pattern is productive: no-filei nkga-pode-podea she ran away podea scream screaming filei run away do-kala ngka-ghae-ghae they went crying ghae cry kala go no-tende ka-bisa-bisara he ran while bisara talk talking tende run no-hiri-e ngka-kala-kala she peeled it kala go while going hiri peel ne-basa ka-ere-ere he reads standing ere stand up up basa read The compound nature of this derivation is most clearly shown in the fact that the object of the main verb can be suffixed to the compounded verb: do-koburu ngka-ghuri-ghuri-da they buried them ghuri living alive koburu bury But also possible is: do-koburu-da ngka-ghuri-ghuri they buried them alive

10.2.20. KI--HA

Verbal circumfix; a-class, resistant to -um-. Meaning: many, all together; only singular inflection when the referents are non-animate. Base: the so- called sound verbs 7.12.3 and a few others. Only productive on the sound verbs. Usually in combination with the auxiliary affixes ta- and -mo. 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 301 ta-do-ki-keo-ha-mo they all screamed keo scream ta-do-ki-tou-ha-mo they all barked tou bark ta-do-ki-muntu-ha-mo they all muttered muntu mutter ta-do-ki-ngkora-ha-mo they all sat down ngkora sit ta-do-ki-ntade-ha-mo they all stood up ntade stand ta-no-ki-dea-ha-mo they were all red dea red With nasal accretion: ta-do-ki-ngkuni-ha-mo they were all yellow kuni yellow also: ta-do-ko-ngkuni-ha-mo

10.2.21. KO-

Verbal prefix on nominal bases; a-class, resistant to -um-. Meaning: havepossess X. Productive. a. Base is a simple noun: no-ko-kanda he is wounded kanda wound no-ko-ana he has a childchildren ana child no-ko-olu it is cloudy olu cloud no-ko-ghanti he is sweating ghanti sweat no-ko-labhi it is more, exceeds labhi more With slightly divergent meanings: no-ko-adho beautiful adho shape, form no-ko-dadi old dadi life no-ko-ghendu startled, frightened ghendu disease that causes trembling b. Base is a complex noun. Reduplicated nouns as bases are common in negative clauses; the affix sequence ko-ni- signals the quantification something and in negative clauses nothing see 5.7.7. no-ko-kiri-kiri full of thorns kiri thorn miina na-ko-kara-karadhaa he has absolutely karadhaa work no work no-ko-ka-tulumi to be helpful tulumi help no-ko-ni-fumaa he has something fumaa eat to eat no-ko-ne-mo-kae he lacks something kae be short of miina na-ko-ni-gholi he has not bought gholi buy anything c. A special case is the construction in which the clipped participle of this derivation is compounded to a noun that it modifies. Occasionally nasal accretion is found at the juncture point: kontu ngko-wuna stone with flowers kontu stone wuna flower 302 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ghaghe ngko-wulu hairy leg ghaghe leg wulu hair mie ko-dhangku person with a beard mie person dhangku beard ana ko-kori child with lepra ana child kori lepra d. Base is a sound root most of these are bound roots. There are dozens of these derivations, for more examples see 7.12.3. no-ko-bhondu sound of a falling coconut no-ko-depa sound of chickens flapping their wings Further derivations: ko-lambu-no owner of the house lambu house ko-ghule-ha-no place where there are ghule snake snakes

10.2.22. KO--HA-