Marked by affixes Temporal

9 THE SENTENCE 249 Because of the condition of identical subjects, the following sentence is ungrammatical: 136 ama-ku no-kala-mo we Kandari bhe inodi a-kala we Baubau father-my 3sR-go-PF loc Kendari and I 1sR-go loc Baubau my father went to Kendari andwhile I went to Baubau The sentence becomes acceptable by leaving out bhe or by replacing it with a conjunction such as garaa.

9.7. Temporal

Temporal clauses allow for a wide variety of marking. Some of the linking between the clauses is taken care of by affixes and some by conjunctions, either dependent or free conjunctions. These three strategies will be discussed and illustrated in turn. In most of the examples that follow, the clause containing the temporally preceding action precedes the main activity clause. That first clause is never marked with the perfective suffix -mo, whereas the second clause is, except after such words as kansuru right away also when inflected and maka then see 9.21.

9.7.1. Marked by affixes

1. When the events denoted by the verbs in the two clauses occur in rapid succession, the prefix sa- 10.2.44 is affixed to the verb in the first clause, which is either nominally or verbally inflected. The subject of that clause, if present, normally follows that verb. This rapid succession is equivalent in meaning to the English construction as soon as. When followed by a vowel, sa- can be reduced to s-. 137 sa-no-wora ghule, kamokula amaitu ne-kansuru no-logha-e WHEN-3sR-see snake old that 3sR-at.once 3sR-stab-him as soon as the old man saw the snake, he stabbed him 138 sa-wanu-no ndoke, no-bisara-mo ne kapoluka WHEN-wake.up-his monkey 3sR-speak-PF loc tortoise as soon as the monkey woke up, he said to the tortoise This construction is also possible for future time reference, in which only the verbal irrealis inflection is used: 139 sa-o-[m]etingke po-ganda-no po-mbololo-no WHEN-2sI-hear PLAY-drum-A.PART PLAY-gong-A.PART ta-sonso-sonso-ghoo-mo aitu JUST-RED-follow-IO-PF that as soon as you hear people play the drum and play the gong, follow that 140 sa-nao-kele oe maitu, na-r[um]ato-mo Burungakusa WHEN-3sI-dry water that 3sI-arrive-PF Burungakusa as soon as the water has dried up, Burungakusa will come 250 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 2. The prefix paka- 10.2.37 when first, when just, on verbal bases with nominal or verbal inflection indicates a temporal relationship between two states, or durative events in which the stateevent in the main clause takes place during the initial stages of the state denoted in the clause containing paka-. 141 paka-gaa-ndo sadhia do-pogira when they were just married, FIRST-marry-their always 3pR-fight they were always fighting 142 paka-mate-no no-bhari kahanda when he had just died, there FIRST-die-his 3sR-many ghost were many ghosts 143 paka-lente-no anahi aitu, naando no-saki ina-no FIRST-born-his child that be 3sR-sick mother-his just after the birth of the child, his mother was still ill This prefix is related to the temporal adverb paka-paka at first; ini- tially. 3. The prefix ta- 10.2.48 on verbal bases indicates an until clause. The verb is obligatorily suffixed with -mo, while the suffix -hi also frequently emerges. Clauses containing such ta-derivations may either precede or follow the main clause. 144 ta-no-ti-doli-mo gholeo miina da-r[um]ato kamokula-ndo UNTIL-3sR-ACC-turn-PF sun not 3pI-arrive parent-their until the sun set, their parents had not arrived 145 ne-late bhe awa-no ini-a ta-no-bhala-hi-mo 3sR-live with grandparent-his this-CL UNTIL-3sR-big-HI-PF until he was grown up he lived with his grandmother 146 ta-no-wule-mo buku-no miina nae-pooli oe UNTIL-3sR-tired-PF bone-her not 3sI-able water even until she was very tired, she still had not got any water

9.7.2. Marked by dependent conjunctions