278 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
40. piki- early, soon
V V a
y 41. po-
1. reciprocal Vtr
V a y
2. play N
V a y
3. in parts, broken V
V a y
42. poka- + red. pretend, for fun, a little V,N V a
y 43. ponta- + red. to and fro, up and down
V V a
n 44. sa-
1. when, as soon as V
NV a y
2. all the time, only V
N y
45. sa--ha hardly, only just
V N
y 46. si-
be one, have the same N
V a y
47. si--ha 1. at one time, together
V V a
y 2. sudden, unexpected
V V a
y 48. ta-
1. caveat V
V y
2. only, just N,V
N,V y
3. until, another V,MP
V,MP y
4. sudden V
V y
49. ti- accidentalagentless passive Vtr
V a y
50. ti- te- as muchmany as
MP MP
y 51. -um--no,
active participle V
- y
me--no, mo--no
10.2. Affixes and affix-combinations
10.2.1. -ANA
Verbal suffix, productive. With first person plural inclusive inflection the meaning is dual adhortative see 8.8, while only the realis occurs. With other
persons a purpose clause is indicated in which the speaker conveys an attitude of carelessness.
a. Base is a simple verb: do-fumaa-ana
let us 2 eat fumaa
eat do-ghae-ana
let us 2 cry ghae
cry no-mate-ana
just let him die mate
die b. Base is a complex verb object-inflection, derived verbs:
do-pogaa-ti-ana let us 2 separate
pogaa separate
do-piki-wanu-ana let us 2 get up early wanu get up
a-buko-e-ana just let me swallow it buko
swallow a-[m]aa-angko-ana just let me give to you waa
give Further derivations: impossible.
10.2.2. -E
Emphatic suffix on demonstrative see 5.5.8 and vocative bases see 7.12.1. The vowel is often lengthened and pronounced on a high pitch.
atatu-e over there
atatu that
ina-e mother
ina mother
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 279
10.2.3. E-
Nominal prefix on prefixed numerals see 5.7.2. Meaning: period of x days. Only found in combinations with units of ten and -gha day. Productive.
ompulu-gha-e-tolu thirteen days
ompulu ten
tolu- three
fato-fulu-gha-e-fato forty-four days fato-
four
10.2.4. FE-
1. Verbal prefix, ae-class, resistant to -um-. Meaning: locutional caus-
ative, ask toorder to. see 8.2.4. Productive. a. Base is a simple verb:
ne-fe-tulumi askorder to help
tulumi help
ask to be helped ne-fe-antagi
askorder to wait for antagi
wait for ask to be waited for
This derivation is often found in combination with the indirect object suffix -ghoo indicating the addressee a full NP addressee must be in a
prepositional phrase with ne. With ao-verbs, the class-affix -mo- may emerge:
ne-fe-mo-kanu-ghoo askorder to prepare
kanu prepare
With change in meaning: ne-fe-ghondo-ghoo
askorder someone to ghondo
look search for lice in ones
hair b. Base is a complex verb:
ne-fe-po-bhai-ghoo ask to be accompanied
po-bhai-ghoo accompany bhai friend ne-fe-fo-limba
askorder to take out fo-limba take out limba go out
Further derivations: kae-fe-ghondo-ha-mani place where we ex asked to be looked at
fe-ghondo askorder to look no-ti-fe-seli
askedordered to be dug fe-seli askorder to dig seli dig
2. Verbal prefix, a-class, amenable to -um-, intransitive. This category is
unproductive; the meanings cannot be predicted from the base: a. Base is a simple noun:
280 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
no-fe-wise face, be opposite to
wise front
no-fe-kema turnkeep left
kema left
no-fe-loso live in a hole
loso hole
no-fe-kaofe nest
kaofe nest
no-fe-liwu domicile
liwu village
no-fe-wawo go first
wawo top
no-fe-panda belie under
panda bottom
no-fe-ghunteli lay eggs
ghunteli egg
no-fe-wunta be in the middle
wunta middle
no-fe-sabhabu be the reason
sabhabu reason
no-fe-idho become green
idho green
no-fe-tompa promise not to repeat
tompa end
something b. Base is a complex noun only some colour terms:
no-fe-ka-kanda become blue
ka-kanda blue
no-fe-ka-kuni become yellow
ka-kuni yellow
no-fe-ka-dea become red
ka-dea red
c. Base is a bound root and therefore an alternative analysis is to treat them simply as units. Some of these verbs are no longer intransitive:
no-fe-aghi spit
no-fe-tapa ask
no-fe-ntoho take a rest
no-fe-redaa hope
3. Verbal prefix, ae-class, amenable to -um-. Unproductive. a. Base is a simple noun, the resulting verb is intransitive. This process
is limited to a few words related to house-building: ne-fe-lambu
build a house lambu
house ne-fe-ghabu
build a kitchen ghabu
kitchen ne-fe-ghato
build a roof ghato
roof ne-fe-hale
build a floor hale
floor b. Base is a simple noun, the derived verb is transitive:
ne-fe-nami taste
nami taste
ne-fe-bhaku eat of a king
bhaku provisions
c. Base is a simple verb, the derived verb is transitive: ne-fe-wono
smell wono
kiss ne-fe-pili
choose carefully pili
choose d. Base is a reduplicated verb, the derived verb is transitive:
ne-fe-ntaa-ntaa expect, wait for
ntaa-ntaa ready
e. Base is a simple noun, the prefix occurs in combination with the suffix -Ci; the derived verb is transitive:
10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 281
ne-fe-bhadhu-ghi clothe with a shirt bhadhu
shirt ne-fe-bheta-ghi
clothe with a sarong bheta
sarong ne-fe-lapa-i
saddle lapa
saddle ne-fe-ompu-ghi
respect, honour as lord ompu
lord ne-fe-hula-i
remember, think about hula
face ne-fe-ghato-i
put a roof on ghato
roof ne-fe-paeasa-ghi put a pane in
paeasa pane,
mirror f. Base is a simple verb, the prefix occurs in combination with the suffix
-Ci; the derived verb is transitive: ne-fe-ware-i
spread out ware
broad ne-fe-wanu-i
wash somebodys hands or wanu
wash feet
handsfeet g. Base is a measure phrase consisting of a numeral and a measure noun. The
resulting transitive verb means to dividedo the action denoted by the verb in x times see 5.7.3:
ne-fe-ra-bhera break into two
ra- two
bhera part
ne-fe-tolu-bhogha break into three tolu-
three bhogha
part ne-fe-ra-gholeo
do in two days gholeo
day ne-fe-tolu-dughu drink in two draughts
dughu draught
h. Base is a bound root possibly analysable as a unit: ne-fe-buni
hide ne-fe-tambo
catchhunt using bait ne-fe-api
count ne-fe-tingke
hear compare ne-tingke-tingke to overhear
10.2.5. FEKA-
