The common noun Internal structure of the complex noun

5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 77 e. CL Dem The attribute under a can be a temporal or a locative phrase, a relative or an appositive clause, certain nouns, certain adverbs and question words. Attribute is here used in a narrow sense to cover these different attributive structures. For the wider sense of attribute, that is, an attributive element to a head noun, I use the term modifier. These attributes will be illustrated in 5.9. A measure phrase can occur either before or after the head noun, but not twice.

5.2. The Noun

In addition to common nouns, the following subtypes of simple nouns that is, morphologically not complex can be distinguished: 1. proper nouns names; 2. classifying nouns classifiers; 3. measure nouns; 4. the emphaticreflexive noun wuto. The morphological and syntactic features of these nouns are different from those of the common noun. Names, for example, do not normally receive affixes see 5.2.3. Classifiers and measure nouns can be prefixed with a prefixed numeral. They are treated in 5.7.4 and 5.7.5. The noun wuto is discussed in 5.4.

5.2.1. The common noun

In addition to possessive inflection see 5.4, the derivational possibilities of the common noun are as follows the noun lambu house is used as an illustrative base: 1. Nominal derivations: a. suffix -hi; meaning plural 10.2.12: lambu-hi houses b. prefix ka- + reduplication; meaning diminutive 10.2.19: ka-lambu-lambu small house c. prefix sa- + reduplication; meaning only Ns, full of Ns, Ns everywhere 10.2.44: sa-lambu-lambu only houses, houses everywhere d. prefix ta-; meaning only, just 10.2.48: ta-lambu-no just his house e. reduplication after miina bhe there is no 7.2.2. 78 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 2. Verbal derivations with subject inflection: a. prefix ko-; meaning have, possess 10.2.21: a-ko-lambu I have a house b. prefix si-; meaning be one in respect to; have the same 10.2.46: do-si-lambu we 2 have one house 3. Unproductive derivations: The derivations discussed so far are all regular and productive for common nouns. A few common nouns, however, can also occur in derivations which are only partly productive, that is, these processes only apply to certain categories of common nouns. Notice the following minor derivations: a. foko--u 10.2.9: ina mother foko-ina-u classificatory mother: aunt b. foko- 10.2.8: awa grandmother no-foko-awa he calls grand- mother c. fe- 10.2.4: wise front no-fe-wise it is in front of hale floor ne-fe-hale he makes a floor d. mansi- see 10.2.25 for examples. e. po- 10.2.41: ase kind of game do-po-ase we are playing ase

5.2.2. Internal structure of the complex noun

In the preceding section the simple common noun was described in terms of its derivational possibilities. In this section the starting point will be at the opposite end, that is, the morphologically complex noun is described in terms of its bases and affixes. Necessarily there will be some overlap with the preceding section, since certain nouns have nominal roots. These affixes are discussed in detail in Chapter 10. The following types of derived nouns exist: 1. Prefix ka- on verbal roots 10.2.17: ka-pindalo wish n pindalo wish v ka-buru stench buru stink 5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 79 2. Circumfix ka--ha and its allomorphs kae--ha and kao--ha on verbal roots 10.2.18: ka-lente-ha place of birth lente be born kao-lodo-ha bed lodo sleep 3. Suffix -ha on verbal roots 10.2.11: fumaa-ha time to eat fumaa eat wawe-ha time to turn wawe turn 4. ka- + reduplication on nominal roots 10.2.19: ka-tonde-tonde small glass tonde glass ka-wale-wale small hut wale hut 5. Reduplication on nominal roots 10.3: laha-lahae whoever lahae who ando-andoke Mr. Monkey andoke monkey 6. Suffix -hi on nominal roots 10.2.12: kontu-hi stones kontu stone muri-hi pupils muri pupil Unproductive derivations: 1. Prefix po- on verbal roots 10.2.41: po-wora vision, view wora see 2. Circumfix foko--u on kinship terms 10.2.9: foko-ama-u uncle ama classificatory uncle: father 3. Prenasalization on numeral bases 5.7.2: ndua second cousin dua two Compounds are relatively rare in Muna. One type which is formally marked through prenasalization is discussed in 10.4. Examples: idha-mpaapa father and mother idha father paapa mother ina-ngkolaki lord mother ina mother term used in charms kolaki lord, nobleman Other compound-like structures are discussed in 5.4.2.

5.2.3. Proper nouns