Derivations of demonstratives Demonstrative pronoun

100 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE a. It is a combination of a locative and a temporal meaning: that not far and just now. It is typically used to refer to someone who has just passed by. 137 awagha-itu ai-ku that was my brother that younger.sibling-my the person who has just passed not far from us 138 mie awagha-itu sabhangka-ku that man is my friend person that friend-my idem b. As a referential demonstrative it follows an action verb and functions as a temporal adverb then. The preceding verb is not suffixed with -mo 9.21. 139 no-si-ka-horo-ha wagha-itu welo oe karaka 3sR-SI-KA-jump-HA that in water frog then the frog suddenly jumped into the water 140 no-wula wagha-itu, mohama, garaa o liwu 3sR-open.eyes that INJ SURPR ART village then he opened his eyes, good heavens, there was a village c. In combination with ini it is a temporal adverb meaning a long time ago. 141 awagha-itu-ini naando se-mie bhirinanda that be one-CLAS widow a long time ago there was a widow Another demonstrative that is also found as a final element in complex demon- stratives is nagha, but only in the combination anagha-nagha. This typically refers to something which is heard and has been mentioned before and therefore forms the topic of conversation. Probably the use of anagha-nagha is limited to Katobu. 142 suara anagha-nagha suara-no ana-ku voice that voice-POS child-my that voice is the voice of my child But it can also refer to an object that is not in view, but which still forms the topic of conversation: 143 lambu anagha-nagha no-hali siaghe house that 3sR-expensive too that house is too expensive

5.5.8. Derivations of demonstratives

The following derivational affixes have a demonstrative as base: 1. Suffix -ha 10.2.11: As an answer to a question about the location of an object or person, the identifying demonstratives are suffixed by the locative suffix -ha, and the 5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 101 resulting construction is obligatorily suffixed by a pronominal direct object suffix see 4.8.1: 144 ne hamai o solo? where are the matches? loc where ART match 145 aini-ha-e here they are this-HA-it 146 ne hamai kapulu-mu? where is your machete? loc where machete-your 147 awatu-ha-e there it is that-HA-it 148 hamai-ko-mo? where are you? where-you-PF 149 aini-ha-kanau here I am this-HA-me When these ha-derivations are to be stressed, it is possible to add a referential demonstrative that corresponds with the identifying demonstrative in the head. This doubling of demonstratives is again limited to the Katobu area: 150 aitu-ha-e-mo itu ama-mu THAT is your father that-HA-him-PF that father-your 151 aini-ha-e-mo ini ne-ngara-i-ndo anahi this-HA-it-PF this P.PART-dislike-TR-their child THIS is what the children dislike 2. Suffix -e 10.2.2: Awatu and atatu can be emphasized by adding the suffix -e. This suffix is pronounced on a very high pitch and is drawn out considerably. Compare also -e on vocatives in 7.12.1. ____ _____ ____ 152 lambu awatu-e:: THAT house over there house that-E 3. It is possible to use the demonstrative pronouns predicatively, in which case a third person singular referent is expressed by means of the direct object prononimal suffix -e. Since such constructions function as predicates, the emphatic suffix -mo is usually added, as in 150 and 151 above and in the following: 153 aitu-e-mo ama-mu THAT is your father lit. that-him-PF father-you that is him, your father 154 awatu-e so ka-sawi-ha-nto that is what we will use as that-it FUT NOM-go.by-LOC-our our vessel 102 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE 155 ane na-de-dea wangka-no, aitu-e-mo [m]uta-e if 3sI-RED-red tooth-his that-him-PF A.PART-pick-it if somebodys teeth are red, he is the one who has picked it

5.6. Particles