POKA- + REDUPLICATION PONTA- + REDUPLICATION SA-

316 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE Further derivations: paka-po-gira-ndo when they 2 first started fighting po-gira fight do-si-po-dea-ha they 2 shout together po-dea shout ne-po-kamunti-ghoo-ndo what they 2 whispered po-kamunti whisper 2. Nominal prefix. Base is a simple or complex verb. Unproductive. po-wura vision, view, sight wura see po-tandai memory tandai remember po-fetingke hearing fetingke hear po-nami-si feeling nami-si feel nami taste po-diu character diu move 10.2.42. POKA- + REDUPLICATION Verbal affix-combination on verbal and nominal bases; a-class, resistant to - um-. Retains transitivity of the basic verb. Meaning: pretend, act as if; just a bit, just for fun; continually only a little; still learning to; according to ones ability. The main semantic component seems to be that of playing down the seriousness of the activity. It is not really performed in the true sense of the word, it cannot be properly called V. Productive. a. Base is a simple or complex verb: no-poka-fuma-fumaa eat just a little; fumaa eat pretend to eat; eat a a little for fun no-poka-linda-linda dance a little for linda dance fun no-poka-bhini-bhini-ti just pinch a little bhini-ti pinch re- for fun; pretend to peatedly pinch bhini pinch no-poka-fo-ra-fo-rato pretend to inform fo-rato inform rato arrive b. Base is a noun: no-poka-siko-sikola play being at school sikola school no-poka-bhangka-bhangka to play with a boat bhangka boat 10.2.43. PONTA- + REDUPLICATION Verbal affix-combination on verbs of motion; a-class, resistant to -um-; intransitive. Meaning: fast, repetitive and random action, to and fro, up and down. Unproductive. a. Base is a simple verb: 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 317 no-ponta-punda-punda jump to and fro, up and punda jump down no-ponta-foni-foni climb up and down all the foni go up time also with nasal accretion: no-ponta-mponi-mponi no-ponta-suli-suli go back and forth home suli return b. Base is a reduplicated verb: no-ponta-lae-lae move back and forth, walk lae-lae move back up and down and forth c. Base is a noun: no-ponta-laa-laa move from one branch to laa stalk the next; go back and forth among trees

10.2.44. SA-

1. Prefix on verbal bases with nominal or verbal inflection. Dialectally so-. Occasionally sae- with ae-verbs. Meaning: links two clauses in a close temporal relationship when, as soon as. See 9.7.1. Productive. a. With verbal inflection. Base is simple or derived; object inflection is possible; realis or irrealis mood; with second person sa-o- may contract to s-o-. sa-no-rato when he came rato arrive sa-o-[m]etingke when you hear fetingke hear sa-no-waa-ane when she gave it to him waa give sa-do-po-wora when they saw each other wora see s-o-[m]ora-amu when you pl see wora see b. With nominal possessive inflection. Base is simple or complex, object inflection is impossible. sa-kundo-no when he had left kundo leave sa-rato-mani when we ex arrived rato arrive sae-wora-ndo when they saw wora see sa-po-sobho-no when it was mixed sobho mix sa-tanda-no-mo when it had begun; since tanda begin sa-lapasi-no when that was passed lapasi pass also: sa-pasi-no 2. Nominal prefix on verbal and nominal bases. The derivation functions as a complement in an equative clause see 7.6; it is uninflected. Productive. a. Base is a simple verb. Meaning: to V all the time; only V. sa-ntaa wait all the time, only ntaa wait wait 318 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE sa-soso smoke all the time, only soso smoke smoke sa-ghae cry all the time, only ghae cry cry When the verbal base is reduplicated, the continuous aspect is even more emphasized, bordering on always: sa-hunda-hunda always agree hunda agree sa-kii-kiido always refuse kiido refuse sa-tongka-tongka always vomit tongka vomit b. Base is a reduplicated simple or complex noun non-reduplicated nouns do not occur in this construction. Meaning: only Ns, full of Ns. sa-kiri-kiri full of thorns kiri thorn sa-kato-katogha only crows, crows every- katogha crow where sa-robhi-robhine-hi only women robhine woman sa-ka-ta-ka-tamba full of patches tamba patch up ka-tamba patch 3. Variant of nsa- + reduplication 10.2.35 without subject inflection and with obligatory suffix -no: sa-bhie-bhie-no more and more heavy bhie heavy = ne-nsa-bhie-bhie sa-kodo-kodoho-no further and further kodoho far = ne-nsa-kodo-kodoho sa-lompo-lompona-no gradually lompona long = ne-nsa-lompo-lompona 4. Miscellaneous: sa-bhangka friend bhangka boat sa-lambu husband, wife lambu house sa-kawi husband, wife kawi marry sa-ina-ina-mu kolaki k.o. charmincantation ina mother introducing a prayer kolaki lord

10.2.45. SA--HA