5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 123
The following two sentences, which differ in their placement of keseno, illustrate the different meanings very clearly:
237 anahi-hi-ku keseno do-sikola s[um]ikola-no child-PLUR-my all 3pR-school school-A.PART
my children all go to school 238 keseno anahi-hi-ku s[um]ikola-no
only child-PLUR-my school-PART only my children go to school
Keseno is probably related to the nouns kese and kese-keseno dry, without side dish:
239 a. a-fumaa-ghoo kese I eat dry rice or maize only,
1sR-eat-IO dry without a side dish such as
vegetables, fish or eggs b. a-fumaa-ghoo kese-keseno
I eat dry idem 1sR-eat-IO RED-dry
6. sanea all, all of them: Sanea is synonymous with keseno all, but unlike keseno it has to be
followed by a participle. Sanea cannot precede a noun: 240 me-late-no ne Wuna ini sanea pata [m]ande-no wamba Walanda
-live-A.PART loc Muna this all NEG know-A.PART language Holland none of those who live in Muna know Dutch lit. those who live
in Muna, all of them do not know Dutch
5.7.7. Quantification
This section discusses how quantificational concepts such as few, some, many, none are expressed. This issue is worth investigating, as there are only a few
overt quantifiers most of which mean all and the question arises how other quantificational concepts are realized in the language. The following concepts
will be dealt with in this section: none, nothing, nobody, a little, a few, some, many, much, all, every.
1. none, nothing, nobody
a. combining miina not with o hae-hae anything: 241 miina nae-wora o hae-hae
she did not see anything, not 3sI-see ART RED-what
she saw nothing b. alternatively, miina can be added to an existential clause with bhe:
242 miina bhe mai-no there were not people who
not be come-A.PART came; nobody came
c. negating a verb form prefixed by -ko-ni-:
124 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
243 miina a-ko-ni-gholi I have not bought anything
not 1sI-HAVE-P.PART-buy 244 miina ta-ko-ni-wora
we ex have not seen anything not 1eI-HAVE-P.PART-see
2. a little, a few a. sendai little. This word can only be used attributively with mass
nouns, not with count nouns. It is often the head of an NP. Finally, it may be used predicatively in an equative clause:
245 no-waa-kanau sendai oe he gave me a little water
3sR-give-me little water 246 no-fumaa sendai kaawu
he only ate a little 3sR-eat little only
247 kurusi-mani sendai kaawu we have only got a few chairs;
chair-our little only our chairs are only a few
b. sehae how much, how many when used rhetorically means not much, a little:
248 dadi gadhi-ku na-sehae-mo dua so fee-my FUT-how.much-PF also
so my salary was going to be only a little c. the verb kai short, too short, too little:
249 no-kai oe te kampo there is too little water in
3sR-short water in village the villages
3. some a. the noun sigaa part is used as a measure phrase, either before or after
the head noun: 250 no-runsa-da-mo sigaa sabhangka-hi-no
3sR-leave-them-PF part friend-PLUR-his he left some of his friends
b. the existential verb naando followed by a noun phrase: 251 naando so me-angkafi-no pendidikan IKIP
be FUT -follow-A.PART education IKIP there were some who were going to study at IKIP
4. many, much This notion is expressed by the verb bhari to be muchmany, which belongs
to the a-class: 252 doi-no no-bhari sepaliha
he has a lot of money lit. money-his 3sR-many very
his money is a lot
5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 125
253 no-bhari sepaliha no-fumaa he eats very much
3sR-many very 3sR-eat 254 no-bhari [m]ande-ha-kanau
many know me lit. who know 3sR-many A.PART-know-INT-me
me are many When the referent of many is human, the verb may receive plural
inflection: 255 do-bhari pata l[um]ulusu-no
there were many who did not 3pR-many NEG pass-A.PART
pass the exam No-bhari also occurs in reduplicated form either full or partial redu-
plication, meaning all, most of all 256 no-bhari-bhari manu-manu l[um]iu-no all the birds that passed
3sR-RED-many bird pass-A.PART 257 La Sidhingkui mie bhari-bhari-no [m]omaa-no
ART Sidhingkui person RED-much-A.PART eat-A.PART La Sidhingkui was the man who ate most
In these examples the partially reduplicated forms no-bha-bhari and bha- bhari-no are also possible.
In mie bhari, bhari is a clipped participle; the whole construction means people in general, the crowd.
5. all, everything a. bhari-bhari-e or one of its derivations see 5.7.6;
b. o hae-hae anything, everything: 258 o hae-hae ne-pogau-ghoo-mu a-[m]angkafi-e
ART RED-what P.PART-speak-IO-your 1sI-follow-it everything you have said I will follow
c. the verb wolo finish followed by another verb: 259 do-wolo-mo do-lodo o anahi-hi
3pR-finish-PF 3pR-sleep ART child-PLUR all the children were asleep
260 do-wolo-mo do-ghonu bhari-bhari-e ne-fumaa 3pR-finish-PF 3pR-gather RED-all-it P.PART-eat
all the types of food had gathered together d. derivation with si--ha se--ha on verbal bases 10.2.47:
261 a-si-gholi-gholi-ha-e I bought all of it
1sR-SI-RED-buy-HA-it 262 soba se-basa-basa-ha boku-hi amaitu
try SI-RED-read-HA book-PLUR that try to read all those books
126 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE
e. the negator tapa followed by a clipped participle, meaning there is nobody who is not see also 8.5.3:
263 tapa ko-tobho do-rato NEG A.PART-HAVE-dagger 3pR-arrive
they all arrived with daggers 6. each, every
a. eano see 5.7.6; b. malingu see 5.7.6;
c. hamai which see 8.6.2; 264 do-pada-e do-lili-ki-e hamai karumbu
3sR-finish-it 3pR-go.round-TR-it which forest they had gone through every forest
d. reduplication of a measure phrase, consisting of a prefixed numeral and a classifier or a measure noun:
se-gho-se-gholeo every day
se-wu-se-wula every month
raa-raa-taghu every two years
7. whole a. ko--ha-e with a measure phrase as base see 5.7.3 and 10.2.22;
b. the word suru with certain temporal measure nouns: suru gholeo
the whole day suru dhamani
the whole season; eternally
5.8. Clausal heads of NP
