Other usages of the referential demonstratives

96 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE following example, taken from a story, is about a man whose wife goes to spy on him and then returns home. Both demonstratives can be used in this example, since the woman constitutes given information, which is not modified by another element: 113 robhine anagha no-suli-mo the woman went home woman that 3sR-return-PF 114 robhine nagha no-suli-mo the woman went home woman that 3sR-return-PF

5.5.6. Other usages of the referential demonstratives

Sometimes the referential demonstratives are used when they function neither as the head of an NP nor as a modifying element of an NP. Often some kind of deictic meaning component can be detected, but it is not possible to do more than list the usages that have not been dealt with in the previous section. a. ini 1. ini is optionally added to certain adverbs and conjunctions, to which it seems to add a component of futurity and uncertainty, not reflected in the translation: naewine tomorrow naewine ini idem garaa conjunction denoting surpise garaa ini idem talahano 1.actually, as a matter of fact 2.once upon a time talahano ini idem sakotughu actually, really, indeed sakotughu ini idem In the following example there is a difference in meaning: indefie when? indefie ini in the past, formerly 2. ini is found after subordinate clauses. This phenomenon of a referential demonstrative following a clause found much more frequently with maitu is a kind of linking device where the preceding clause is taken as the known entity: 115 se-taghu-mo a-fo-fo-guru wamba Inggirisi. one-year-PF 1sR-DETR-CAUS-learn language English Welo do-fo-fo-guru ini... in 3pR-DETR-CAUS-learn this I taught English for one year. During this teaching... 5 THE NOMINAL PHRASE 97 116 do-kala-mo do-ghondo-e. Garaa do-ghondo-e kaawu ini... 3pR-go-PF 3pR-see-it SURPR 3pR-see-it after this they went to look at it. When they had seen it... 117 no-kala-mo La Ngkangkasi. Garaa no-kala ini-a no-wora-mo wewi 3sR-go-PF ART Ngkangkasi SURPR 3sR-go this-CL 3sR-see-PF pig La Ngkangkasi went away. While he was going he saw a pig 3. ini follows the irrealis in main clauses where it indicates that the planned activity is being performed at the moment of speech: 118 a a-k[um]ala-mo inodi I am about to go 1sI-go-PF I b a-k[um]ala-mo ini inodi I am going now 1sI-go-PF this I b. itu 1. itu is often found in commands, questions and exclamations. It gives extra force to the utterance and also implies some impatience. It is difficult to express this adequately in an English translation see also 8.7.3. Itu will nevertheless be glossed that in the interlinear translation. 119 piki-suli-imu itu do come home quickly IMP-fast-return-PLUR that 120 tei-kaeta-amu itu please do help yourselves IMP-put-us-PLUR that 121 naefie da-k[um]ala itu? when shall we go? when.FUT 1pI-go that 122 peda hae itu la-ndoke-la-ndoke? how is it, Brother Monkey? like what that RED-ART-monkey 123 ingka ama-mu bhore itu its your father, you silly ENIM father-your silly that thing 124 o ka-gau no-taha-mo itu the food is cooked ART NOM-cook 3sR-ripe-PF that 2. itu is added to certain temporal nouns to form a temporal adverb: alo night alo itu tonight gholeo day ghole itu today 3. itu is added to certain adverbs adding the meaning of past orientation or certainty: 98 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE garaa conjunction denoting surprise garaa itu idem dadihanomo so, therefore dadihanomo itu idem naewine tomorrow naewine itu idem c. maitu maitu, like ini, can also modify a clause of which the main verb has already been mentioned or suggested, thus acting as a clause linker: 125 do-fewule-mo ko-ru-dua-ha-ndo. Garaa naando de-ngko-ngkora maitu... 3pR-rest-PF KO-RED-two-HA-their SURPR be 3pR-RED-sit that the two of them took a rest. While they were sitting... lit. during that time they were sitting... 126 ina-no no-kala-mo ne-galu. Wakutuu-no no-kundo maitu... mother-his 3sR-go-PF 3sR-field time-its 3sR-go.away that his mother went to work in the field. When she had gone... 127 ni-kona-ndo do-fo-fo-sudhu maitu P.PART-call-their 3pR-DETR-CAUS-be.right that what is called putting in the right position in the grave d. nagha nagha is occasionally found after certain adverbs: tangkanomo in short, briefly tangkanomo nagha idem

5.5.7. Combinations of demonstratives