KO--HA- KO + REDUPLICATION Affixes and affix-combinations

302 A GRAMMAR OF THE MUNA LANGUAGE ghaghe ngko-wulu hairy leg ghaghe leg wulu hair mie ko-dhangku person with a beard mie person dhangku beard ana ko-kori child with lepra ana child kori lepra d. Base is a sound root most of these are bound roots. There are dozens of these derivations, for more examples see 7.12.3. no-ko-bhondu sound of a falling coconut no-ko-depa sound of chickens flapping their wings Further derivations: ko-lambu-no owner of the house lambu house ko-ghule-ha-no place where there are ghule snake snakes

10.2.22. KO--HA-

Nominal affix-combination. Obligatory inflection depending on animacy. Meaning: all of X, the whole X. Productive. a. Base is a measure phrase prefixed numeral + measure noun. Inflected with -e to signal a non-animate referent. A variant of ko-se- is ko-si- see 5.7.3. ko-se-tonde-ha-e the whole glass tonde glass ko-raa-weta-ha-e both sides weta side ko-tolu-wua-ha-e all three of them wua classifier ko-se-Wuna-ha-e the whole of Muna Wuna Muna ko-se-dhunia-ha-e the whole world dhunia world When the base noun is reduplicated, the meaning is intensified in English signalled by intonation, hence in the translation by capital letters: ko-se-taghi-taghi-ha-e the WHOLE belly taghi belly ko-se-ghulu-ghulu-ha-e the WHOLE body ghulu body Notice also the forms ko-si-bhari-bhari-ha-e all, everything and with animate referents ko-si-bhari-bhari-ha-ndo all, everything. In those forms -ha- is optionally absent, see 5.7.3. That is also the case in the form: ko-fato-wala-e circumference; the whole fato- four environment wala side b. Base is a reduplicated numeral. The derivation is inflected with either -e or with plural possessive suffixes. The referents are human: ko-to-tolu-ha-e the three of them to-tolu three ko-ru-dua-ha-ndo the two of them ru-dua two ko-pi-pitu-ha-mani the seven of us ex pi-pitu seven 10 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 303 10.2.23. KO + REDUPLICATION Nominal affix-combination on verbal bases with obligatory possessive inflection. Meaning: to continue to be in the stateaction denoted by the verb. Depending on the context, this stateaction may just have started or may have been going on for some time. This derivation is always juxtaposed to a main verb. The base is a simple verb. The derivation is productive. ko-wanu-wanu-ku I woke up and remained wanu wake up awake; while I remained awake ko-ghosa-ghosa-no he recovered and remained ghosa healthy healthy; while he stayed strong healthy ko-lodo-lodo-no he fell asleep and lodo sleep remained asleep; while he remained asleep ko-kala-kala-ndo they went away and kala go continued to go; while they were going

10.2.24. -MANA